Sex Differences and the Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Atherosclerosis and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

Alsiraj, Yasir; Woolley, Cassandra; Thatcher, Sean E.; Cassis, Lisa A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813197-8.00011-7

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Males have a higher ratio of hypertension in mice models due to decreased adipose ACE2 activity 31 . However, although the ACE2 gene is located in the X chromosome, there is no evidence of different expression of ACE2 between the sexes 32 . Some research demonstrated that chronic kidney disease(CKD) was the strong independent risk factors for the poor prognosis of COVID‐19 33,34 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…31 However, although the ACE2 gene is located in the X chromosome, there is no evidence of expression of ACE2 between the sexes. 32 Some research demonstrated that chronic kidney disease(CKD) was the strong independent risk factors for the poor prognosis of COVID-19. 33,34 In our study, we try to find whether there were correlation between CKD and SARS-CoV-2 virus clearance and find that CKD was not associated with SARS-CoV-2 virus clearance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk factors for the delayed viral clearance in COVID‐19 patients

Chen

Yang

et al. 2021

J of Clinical Hypertension

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Comorbidities are important for the disease outcome of COVID‐19, however, which underlying diseases that contribute the most to aggravate the conditions of COVID‐19 patients are still unclear. Viral clearance is the most important laboratory test for defining the recovery of COVID‐19 infections. To better understand which underlying diseases that are risk factors for delaying the viral clearance, we retrospectively analyzed 161 COVID‐19 clinical cases in the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China between January 5 and March 13, 2020. The demographic, clinical and laboratory data, as well as patient treatment records were collected. Univariable and multivariable analysis were performed to explore the association between delayed viral clearance and other factors by using logistic regression. Survival analyses by Kaplan‐Meier and Cox regression modeling were employed to identify factors negatively influencing the viral clearance negatively. We found that hypertension and intravenous immunoglobulin adversely affected the time of viral RNA shedding. Hypertension was the most important risk factor to delay the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus clearance, however, the use of Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitors(ACEI)/Angiotensin Receptor Blockers(ARB) did not shorten the time for virus clearance in these hypertensive patients’ virus clearance. We conclude that patients having hypertension and intravenous immunoglobulin may delay the viral clearance in COVID‐19 patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for the delayed viral clearance in COVID‐19 patients

Chen

Yang

et al. 2021

J of Clinical Hypertension

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“…Consistent with our results, previous studies demonstrated that postmenopausal estrogen therapy was associated with increased angiotensinogen plasma concentrations 16,33 . The role of exogenous estrogen in stimulating AGT gene expression or secretion have been demonstrated in animal models and hepatic cell line [34][35][36] . In addition Schunkert et al 16 found increased angiotensinogen levels to a similar extent in women taking formulations that contained only estrogen or estrogen/progestin combination, both being significantly higher compared with women without HT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating Levels of Angiotensinogen, Sex, and Hormone Therapy - The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Lidani,

Trainor,

Buscaglia

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background: Angiotensinogen, the unique precursor of all angiotensin hormones of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), is now a potential target in a novel pharmacological approach to hypertension. Investigating the factors that influence angiotensinogen levels, including sex hormones, may have important therapeutic implications. Methods: Plasma angiotensinogen and sex hormones levels were measured in 5,171 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants. Linear models were employed to determine the associations of angiotensinogen with sex hormones, and mediation analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of HT on blood pressure (BP) and hypertension through angiotensinogen. Results: Angiotensinogen levels were significantly higher in postmenopausal women receiving HT (n=760) compared to women not receiving HRT (n=1,675) and in men (n=2,736). A positive association was present between angiotensinogen and estrogen levels that differed in magnitude between sexes and by HT status among postmenopausal women (women on HT: r=0.44, p< 0.0001; women not on HT: r=0.09, p=0.0002; and men: r= 0.07, p=0.0003). The type of HT formulation (estrogen or estrogen/progesterone) and its duration of use did not significantly affect angiotensinogen levels. HT indirectly increased systolic BP (β=1.24) and the odds of hypertension (OR=1.065) through its effect of increasing angiotensinogen. Conclusions: A positive association was present between angiotensinogen and estrogen levels that differed by HT status. HT impacts systolic BP and hypertension indirectly by increasing angiotensinogen. This study underscores the role of angiotensinogen in hypertension, and the complex relationship between HT and hypertension.

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Hypertension and Diabetes Delay the Viral Clearance in COVID-19 Patients

Chen

Ling

et al. 2020

Preprint

104

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2 6 Sweden 2 7 2 8 Abstract = 186 words, Main text = 1722 words, Figures =2. Abstract 3 0 Objectives: Comorbidities have significant indications for the disease outcome of COVID-19, 3 1 however which underlying diseases that contribute the most to aggravate the conditions of 3 2 COVID-19 patients is still largely unknown. SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance is a golden standard 3 3 for defining the recovery of COVID-19 infections. To dissect the underlying diseases that 3 4 could impact on viral clearance, we enrolled 106 COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized in 3 5 Methodology: We comprehensively analyzed demographic, clinical and laboratory data, as 3 8 well as patient treatment records. Survival analyses with Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression 3 9 modelling were employed to identify factors influencing the viral clearance negatively. 4 0 Results: We found that increasing age, male gender, and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 4 1 (ACE2) associated factors (including hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases) 4 2 adversely affected the viral clearance. Furthermore, analysis by a random forest survival 4 3 model pointed out hypertension, cortisone treatment, gender, and age as the four most 4 4 important variables. 4 5 Conclusions: We conclude that patients at old age, males, and/or having diseases 4 6 associated with high expression of ACE2 will have worse prognosis during a COVID-19 4 7 infections. 4 8 4 9

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Sex Differences and the Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System in Atherosclerosis and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

Cited by 3 publications

References 208 publications

Risk factors for the delayed viral clearance in COVID‐19 patients

Risk factors for the delayed viral clearance in COVID‐19 patients

Circulating Levels of Angiotensinogen, Sex, and Hormone Therapy - The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Hypertension and Diabetes Delay the Viral Clearance in COVID-19 Patients

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