Sex Differences: A Study of the Eye of the Beholder

Condry, John; Condry, Sandra

doi:10.2307/1128199

Cited by 92 publications

(126 citation statements)

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“…Adults are apt to judge emotions in children a priori on the basis of knowledge of the child's gender (Stern & Karraker, 1989). Condry and Condry (1976) found that adults were more likely to characterize an infant's ambiguous response to a jack-in-the-box as angry if they thought the infant was a boy, but as fearful if they thought the infant was a girl. Although this study lends support to the argument that perceptions of children's behavior can be biased by gender stereotypes, these effects have not been consistently replicated (Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974;Stern & Karraker, 1989).…”

Section: Implications Of the Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis.

Else‐Quest

Hyde

Goldsmith

et al. 2006

Psychological Bulletin

949

641

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The authors used meta-analytical techniques to estimate the magnitude of gender differences in mean level and variability of 35 dimensions and 3 factors of temperament in children ages 3 months to 13 years. Effortful control showed a large difference favoring girls and the dimensions within that factor (e.g., inhibitory control: d ϭ Ϫ0.41, perceptual sensitivity: d ϭ Ϫ0.38) showed moderate gender differences favoring girls, consistent with boys' greater incidence of externalizing disorders. Surgency showed a difference favoring boys, as did some of the dimensions within that factor (e.g., activity: d ϭ 0.33, high-intensity pleasure: d ϭ 0.30), consistent with boys' greater involvement in active rough-and-tumble play. Negative affectivity showed negligible gender differences.

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Section: Implications Of the Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis.

Else‐Quest

Hyde

Goldsmith

et al. 2006

Psychological Bulletin

949

641

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Consistent with the gender paradox hypothesis, our results show that high-aggressive 17 month-old girls seem more likely than their male counterparts to fight and attack other children on a frequent basis (see Table 3). An alternative explanation, of course, is that mothers interpret these behaviors differently depending on whether they are exhibited by a son or a daughter (e.g., Condry & Condry, 1976). Mothers either downplay the severity/seriousness of these behaviors (i.e., attacks, fights) when they are manifested by boys, or they exaggerate it when manifested by girls, or both.…”

Section: The Gender Paradox Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in physical aggression: A prospective population-based survey of children before and after 2 years of age.

Baillargeon

Zoccolillo

Keenan

et al. 2007

Developmental Psychology

195

157

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There has been much controversy over the past decades on the origins of gender differences in children's aggressive behavior. A widely held view is that gender differences emerge sometime after 2 years of age and increase in magnitude thereafter because of gender-differentiated socialization practices. The objective of this study was to test for (a) gender differences in the prevalence of physical aggression in the general population of 17-month-old children and (b) change in the magnitude of these differences between 17 and 29 months of age. Contrary to the differential socialization hypothesis, the results showed substantial gender differences in the prevalence of physical aggression at 17 months of age, with 5% of boys but only 1% of girls manifesting physically aggressive behaviors on a frequent basis. The results suggest that there is no change in the magnitude of these differences between 17 and 29 months of age.

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“…De plus, les adultes perçoivent de façon différente la même expression émotive selon le sexe de l'enfant. Ils lui attribuent de la peur lorsque l'enfant est présenté comme fille et de la colère lorsqu'on le présente comme garçon (Condry and Condry, 1976). Bref, il est fort possible que l'environnement social intervienne assez tôt dans la différenciation des expressions émotives chez les garçons et les filles, mais on en connaît encore mal les processus.…”

Section: Vers Une Reconceptualisation Des éMotionsunclassified