Sex Difference of Colorectal Cancer

Liposomes, made up of phospholipid bilayers, are efficient nanocarriers for drug delivery because they can encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Conventional cancer treatments sometimes involve considerable toxicities and adverse drug reactions (ADRs), which limits their clinical value. Despite liposomes' promise in addressing these concerns, clinical trials have revealed significant limitations, including stability, targeted distribution, and scaling challenges. Recent clinical trials have focused on enhancing liposome formulations to increase therapeutic efficacy while minimizing negative effects. Notably, the approval of liposomal medications like Doxil demonstrates their potential in cancer treatment. However, the intricacy of liposome preparation and the requirement for comprehensive regulatory approval remain substantial impediments. Current clinical trial updates show continued efforts to improve liposome stability, targeting mechanisms, and payload capacity in order to address these issues. The future of liposomal drug delivery in cancer therapy depends on addressing these challenges in order to provide patients with more effective and safer treatment alternatives.

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TGF-β and SMAD2/4 Expression in Nonmetastatic and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients

Mardiah,

Susanto,

Lestari

2024

BIO Web Conf.

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common and second cancer with the highest mortality rate in the world. The leading cause of death in colorectal cancer patients is cancer that has metastasized, with the most common site of metastasis being the liver. One of the signaling that regulates malignancy of cancer cells is TGF-β/Smad. Through activation of the Smad2/3/4, TGF-β regulates the EMT Transcription factors to activate Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) program. Tumor cells that have undergone EMT have migratory, invasive, and metastatic phenotypes. This study aims to know the differences mRNA expression of TGF-β, Smad2, and Smad4 in metastatic colorectal cancer and non-metastatic groups using real time PCR method. The results showed TGF-β and Smad2 expression in metastatic CRC was higher in the metastatic group than in the non-metastatic group. In contrast, Smad4 expression was found to be higher in the nonmetastatic group. The results suggest that TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway has a role in promoting metastasis and severity in CRC patients.

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Sex Difference of Colorectal Cancer

Cited by 3 publications

References 202 publications

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TGF-β and SMAD2/4 Expression in Nonmetastatic and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients

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