Sex Determination by Measuring Length and Breadth of Foramen Magnum at Computed Tomographic Images of Skull

Abstract

Background: Identification of human skeletal remains is of major importance in medico-legal situations such as criminal cases, mass disasters and human rights abuse investigations. Sex can be established by gross examination of skeleton using metric and morphological techniques. Sexing the skeleton which is intact and entire is certainly easier and reliable with high accuracy as against done with only a part of the skeleton. A sexing accuracy of 90-95% from whole skeleton, pelvis, or one hip bone and 80% accuracy from skull alone. The occipital bone remains well protected and well preserved structure by huge volume of soft tissues, this makes occipital bone useful in the sex determination. Aim of the study: To document and analyze the dimensions of foramen magnum and to investigate its reliability in sex prediction at computed tomographic images of adult human skull. Methods: This study was carried on 100 Computed Tomographic images of the skull of adult persons (50 males and 50 females). The length and breadth of foramen magnum were measured. Results: There is significant difference between the length of foramen magnum in males and females (pv = 0.00) and there is significant difference between the breadth of foramen magnum in males and females (pv=0.00) and there is no significant difference between different ages after puberty. Conclusion: There is statistically significant expression of sexual difference in the foramen magnum dimensions, which may prove useful and reliable in predicting sex in partial remains by discriminant function analysis when other methods tend to be inconclusive.

[Retracted] Rehabilitation of Post‐Stroke Swallowing Dysfunction with Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation RTMS Based on Tomographic Images

“…Dysfunction after Stroke. Inclusion criteria: patients who meet the World Health Organization's definition of stroke and are diagnosed with stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) with dysphagia by clinically relevant examinations (CT or MRI); patients who have obvious clinical symptoms and signs, mainly manifested as dysphagia, orofacial muscle and tongue muscle apraxia, and have the existence of dysphagia confirmed by the evaluation of the water drinking test, the dysphagia scale, or the TV X-ray swallowing function test (VFSS), and other methods; patients who voluntarily participate in clinical research and signing of informed consent [19,20].…”

Evaluating Foramen Magnum Surface Area in Males and Females for Morphological Differences Using 3D Computed Tomography Among Maharashtrian Population

“…[8] FM measurement helps in forensic studies to find morphological differences in individual identification and CT reconstruction technique is perfect tool to measure FM dimensions in living individuals and to find any morphological differences. [15] In this study FM was evaluated based on some previous studies that suggest, there is significant morphological difference of FM dimensions in male and female, which may prove useful and efficient for prediction of sex in forensic identification from skeletal remains. [15] Comparable studies have also been performed in India, one by by RP Singh [16] and one by S. Sukumar [6] using mastoid triangle formed by asterion, porion and mastoidale for sex determination and other by mastoid process.…”

“…[15] In this study FM was evaluated based on some previous studies that suggest, there is significant morphological difference of FM dimensions in male and female, which may prove useful and efficient for prediction of sex in forensic identification from skeletal remains. [15] Comparable studies have also been performed in India, one by by RP Singh [16] and one by S. Sukumar [6] using mastoid triangle formed by asterion, porion and mastoidale for sex determination and other by mastoid process.…”

Identification of Sex From Palatal Bones Using Multi-Slice Computed Tomography Scan in a Sample of Adult Egyptian Population

“…Beside, these well-preserved bones contain sexually dimorphic characters that could be used for medicolegal identification. (Darwish et al, 2014; Saleh et al, 2019) The hard palate is the anterior part of the skull base that separates the nasal and oral cavities. It is formed of the palatine process of the maxilla and transverse plate of palatine bones linked by a suture.…”