Sex Chromatin and Human Chromosomes

Biological Differences in Intellectual Functioning

“…Even sex-chromosome irregularities result in a higher rate of mental retardation, possibly related to the number of excess X-chromosomes (Grumbach, Marks and Morishima, 1962;Hamerton, 1961;Schuster and Motulsky, 1962).…”

Number and Arrangement of Nucleoli and Nucleolar Chromosomes in some Hamster Cell Cultures

“…These include: pairing of homologous or nonhomologous chromosome segments, and fusion of chromosome segments into chromocenters (SwANSON 1957;SLIZYNSKI 1945;McCLINTOCK 1933 ); nuclear furrowing and nuclear budding (CROSBY LONGWELL and YERGANIAN 1965); delayed chromatid separation at anaphase (MELANDER 1962); aneuploidy and structural chromosome rearrangements (MILLER et al 1963a;MILLER 1964 ); fusion of nucleoli moving their respective organizer chromosomes together (McCLINTOCK 1934;GATES 1942;PENROSE and HARNDEN 1961;HANDMAKER 1961 andHAMERTON 1961;0HNO et al1961;SHAW 1961;LEHMANN and FORSSMAN 1962;MERRINGTON and PENROSE 1964 ). The displacement of chromosomes on the mitotic spindle, chromosome stickiness, laggard chromosomes, bridges, and generally prolonged time of metaphase that characterize many tumor cells (KOLLER 194 7;0BERLING and BERNHARD 1961) afford ample opportunity for a reorganization of the spatial relationships of the intranuclear chromosomes.…”

A Chromosome Study in 32 Sexually Abnormal Patients

“…Those inherent in problems exclusively of sexual anomalies are reviewed by Harnden and Jacobs (1961), Hamerton (1961), Miller (1964), Court Brown et al (1964, Armstrong (1964), Moore (1966), and others. Recently Makino (1966) summarized in one paper clinical and cytogenitical features obtained in the 150 cases with sexual abnormalities who had been screened for chromosomal diagnosis during a period from September 1959 to July 1965.…”