Sex, birth order, and beliefs about personal power.

Marks, Edmond

doi:10.1037/h0032226

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 2 publications

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“…Unlike MacDonald, these authors also found subjects from small families had more I total responses (IAR) than subjects from larger families (three or more children). These results must be further examined, for hypotheses about birth order and family size have not always been confirmed (Marks, 1972) or been consistent (Eiseman & Platt, 1968;Newhouse, 1974). The latter author found only-borns to be less inclined to assume responsibility for success (IAR, 1+) than first or later-borns.…”

Section: Measurement Of Past Parent-childmentioning

confidence: 91%

Locus of control as a mediator of adaptive behaviour in children and adolescents.

Gilmor¹

1978

Canadian Psychological Review / Psychologie Canadienne

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This review summarizes and evaluates the extensive literature on locus of control and adaptive behaviour in children and adolescents. Included are descriptions of the various measures of locus of control for younger samples, their reliability, validity, and their association to race, socioeconomic status, and age. Although the majority of the research reviewed is correlational in nature, there does appear to be substantial support for the notion that children and adolescents who hold internal beliefs function in a more positive, efficacious, and adaptive manner in both achievement and non-achievement activities and situations than do their external counterparts. Research on the antecedents and modification of locus of control beliefs suggests that awareness of behaviour-reinforcement contingencies is the critical factor in the development or change of such beliefs. It is suggested that future research provide appropriate controls for the possible confounding influence of verbal ability and socioeconomic status, and also consider the contribution of other Social Learning Theory variables in examining locus of control relationships. RESUME Resume et evaluation de la litterature abondante sur la localisation du controle et le comportement adaptatif chez des enfants et des adolescents. Sont aussi discutes les diverses mesures de la localisation du controle chez les plus jeunes, la fidelite de ces mesures, leur validite, leur rapport avec I'ethnie, le niveau socioeconomique et I'age. Meme si la plus grande partie des travaux examines sont de nature correlationnelle, ces travaux semblent confirmer substantiellement I'idee que les enfants et les adolescents ayant des croyances internes, compares aux autres, ont un fonctionnement plus positif, plus efficace et mieux adapte. La recherche portant sur les antecedents et sur la modification des croyonces sur Jo localisation du controle suggere que la connaissance des contingences comportementrenforcement est le facteur crucial dans le developpement ou la modification de ces croyances. Les recherches a venir devraient s'attacher a controler efficacement la confusion possiblement causee par les aptitudes verbales et le niveau socioeconomique et devraient egalement tenir compte, dans I'examen des relations en jeu dans la localisation du controle, du role joue par d'autres variables mentionnees dans la theorie de I'apprentissage social. y by* SavT fSS. their own actions or characteristics. At the &S3&& h " SSr-SnS $^^^&S3&& °ther ? xtreme are "externals" who perceive Requests for reprints should be sent to Timothy M. the reinforcements they receive as a func-

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Section: Measurement Of Past Parent-childmentioning

confidence: 91%