Sex bias in psychotherapy: An examination of the effects of client sex, pathology, and therapist sex on treatment planning.

Billingsley, Donna

doi:10.1037/0022-006x.45.2.250

Cited by 31 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Gender bias was not present for predicting who would be rehospitalized within 2 years (Stack et al, 1983) and for predicting suicide or compliance with treatment (Lewis et al, 1990). Also, in many studies, prognoses for male and female clients were not significantly different (Adams & Betz, 1993; Bernstein & Lecomte, 1982; Billingsley, 1977; Dailey, 1980; Fischer et al, 1976; Foon, 1989; Lewis et al, 1990; Lopez et al, 1993; Rabinowitz & Lukoff, 1995; Schwartz & Abra‐mowitz, 1975; Settin, 1982; Stearns et al, 1980; Wrobel, 1993; Zygmond & Denton, 1988). When the effect of gender was significant, prognostic ratings were more favorable for female clients than male clients, even though clients were described by the same case histories except for the designation of gender (Agell & Rothblum, 1991; Fernbach et al, 1989; Hansen & Reekie, 1990; Teri, 1982).…”

Section: Gender Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding the type of therapy that was recommended by clinicians (e.g., individual, group, or family therapy; short‐term or long‐term therapy; directive or nondirec‐tive therapy; supportive, behavioral, cognitive‐behavioral, or insight‐oriented therapy), the effect of gender was usually not significant (Agell & Rothblum, 1991; Bernstein & LeComte, 1982; Dailey, 1980; Hansen & Reekie, 1990; Hecker et al, 1995; Lewis et al, 1990; Lowery & Higgins, 1979; Murray & Abramson, 1983; Oyster‐Nelson & Cohen, 1981; Rabinowitz & Lukoff, 1995; Schwartz & Abramowitz, 1975; Stearns et al, 1980; Wrobel, 1993; but see Bowman, 1982; Fernbach et al, 1989; Fischer et al, 1976; Hardy & Johnson, 1992). Also, the effect of gender was frequently not significant when clinicians formulated goals for psychotherapy (Austad & Aronson, 1987; Billingsley, 1977; Dailey, 1980; Fischer et al, 1976; Garfinkle & Morin, 1978; McCollum & Russell, 1992; but see Bowman, 1982; Miller, 1974). Finally, though the effect of gender was generally not significant when clinicians made treatment decisions regarding psychotherapy, one exception can be described: Clinicians who conducted intake interviews with clients often referred them to clinicians of the same sex (Schover, 1981; Shullman & Betz, 1979).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Race bias, social class bias, and gender bias in clinical judgment.

Garb¹

1997

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

200

140

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Studies on race bias, social class bias, and gender bias are reviewed. Topics include psychodiagnosis and rating level of adjustment, the description of personality traits and psychiatric symptoms, the prediction of behavior, and treatment planning. Replicated findings indude race bias in the dffarential diagnosis of schizophrenia and psychotic afkctive disorders, gender bias in the dfhrential diagnosis of histrionic and antisocial personality disorders, race bias and gender bias in the prediction of violence, and social class bias in the referral of dients to psychotherapy. Recommendations for decreasing bias include (a) being aware of when biases are likely to occur, (b) adhering to diagnostic criteria, and (c) using statistical prediction rules to predict behavior. Key wods: cognitive biases, judgment, personality assessment, prediction, psychodiagnosis. f a i n Psycho1 Sci Prac 4:99-120, 19971Misconceptions exist about research on race bias, social class bias, and gender bias. For example, according to a recent article in The A P A Monitor (Sleek, 1996), Practitioners tend to judge lower-class patients as more seriously disturbed than higher-class patients. They detect schizophrenia in black people more than in whites. And they offen judge women patients as more disturbed than male patients presenting identical problems. @. 30)

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Section: Gender Biasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Race bias, social class bias, and gender bias in clinical judgment.

Garb¹

1997

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

200

140

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“…Thus although only a few years have passed since the foregoing reviews were prepared, a number of new analogue and field studies of sex bias in clinical (i.e., personal adjustment-oriented) evaluation have become available. W e located 14 additional analogues (Aslin, 1977;Billingsley, 1977;Chasen, 1975;Cowan, 1976;Cowan, Weiner, & Weiner, 1974;Delk & Ryan, 1977;Feinblatt & Gold, 1976;Fischer, Dulaney, Fazio, Hudak, & Zivotofsky, 1976;Hill, Tanney, Leonard, & Reiss, 1977;Hobfall & Penner, 1978;Johnson, 1978;Maslin & Davis, 1975;Stearns, Penner, & Kimmel, 1978;Warner, 1978), plus an extended analysis (Neulinger, Stein, Schillinger, & Welkowitz, 1970) of an analogue (Neulinger, 1968) ieviewed previously.…”

Section: Overview Of Recent Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Bias in Clinical Judgment: Later Empirical Returns

Davidson¹,

Abramowitz²

2010

Psychology of Women Quarterly

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“…However, the original Haan and Livson study is still being cited today, perhaps because the need to validate personal experience that sex bias in psychotherapy exists is so strong that researchers feel almost compelled to demonstrate it empirically. Even feminist researchers, however, fail to find the effect they seek (Billingsley, 1977;Gomes & Abramowitz, 1976;Kaschak, 1978). The inability to validate one's personal experiences is frustrating.…”

Section: Sex Bias In Psychotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Decade of Feminist Influence on Psychotherapy

Brodsky

1980

Psychology of Women Quarterly

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The last decade has seen some major impacts of feminism on the institution of psychotherapy regarding theories, treatment techniques, and assessment instruments. The changes in attitudes toward women as therapists and as clients have reflected the general advances of the women's movement in that women clients are more likely to seek women therapists and to receive treatments specifically developed for crises affecting women such as rape, pregnancy and domestic violence. The difficulties in designing empirical studies to demonstrate bias in psychotherapy have resulted in a confusing state of the art because only the higher-order interactions have consistently been significant. Attempts of some women to resist changes brought about by the women's movement and the apathy and levity of others have also presented problems in the path of progress. However, movement toward the long-range goal is encouraging when one compares the writing on women and psychotherapy in recent professional journals with examples from the 1960s.In 1963, as the first female clinical psychology intern in the U.S. Army, I was assigned a 40-year-old woman client who refused to accept m e as her therapist because I was younger than she, and a woman. She was convinced that she was assigned to the lowly female intern because her husband was only a sergeant. Her parting words as w e aborted our tenuous relationship were something like, "I'm a difficult case, honey. It's not your fault. I hope someday you'll be another Joyce Brothers." O n the other hand, recently a woman client peeked into m y office after leaving our initial session and commented, "You know,

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Sex bias in psychotherapy: An examination of the effects of client sex, pathology, and therapist sex on treatment planning.

Cited by 31 publications

References 3 publications

Race bias, social class bias, and gender bias in clinical judgment.

Race bias, social class bias, and gender bias in clinical judgment.

Sex Bias in Clinical Judgment: Later Empirical Returns

A Decade of Feminist Influence on Psychotherapy

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