Sex-based differences in speed, sub-technique selection, and kinematic patterns during low- and high-intensity training for classical cross-country skiing

Solli, Guro Strøm; Kocbach, Jan; Seeberg, Trine M.; Tjønnås, Johannes; Rindal, Ole Marius Hoel; Haugnes, Pål; Torvik, Per Øyvind; Sandbakk, Øyvind

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207195

Cited by 29 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Altogether, the stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated that time in uphill explained ∼91% of the variation in XC skiing performance. Indeed, uphill terrain as the most performance-differentiating part of the XC skiing performance is supported by previous research in XC skiing (Andersson et al, 2010;Bolger et al, 2015;Sandbakk et al, 2016b;Solli et al, 2018). However, in line with findings from XC skiing (Sandbakk et al, 2016b), performance in all types of terrain are important for achieving an excellent XC skiing performance in biathlon as shown by the significant correlations between all types of terrain and isolated skiing performance in this biathlon sprint race.…”

Section: Skiing Performancesupporting

confidence: 85%

Analysis of a Biathlon Sprint Competition and Associated Laboratory Determinants of Performance

Luchsinger

Talsnes

Kocbach

et al. 2019

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Biathlon is an Olympic winter-sport where crosscountry (XC) skiing in the skating technique is combined with rifle shooting. In the biathlon sprint competition for men, three laps of 3.3-km are interspersed with a 5-shot shooting sequence in the prone and standing position. Our purpose was to investigate the contribution from overall XC skiing performance, the performance in different terrain sections and shooting performance to the overall biathlon sprint race performance, as well as the relationship to laboratory-measured capacities obtained during treadmill roller ski skating. Eleven elite male biathletes were tracked by a Global Positioning System (GPS) device and a heart rate (HR) monitor during an international 10-km biathlon sprint competition. Within a period of 6 weeks prior to the competition, physiological responses, and performance during submaximal and maximal treadmill roller skiing were measured. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that XC skiing time, shooting performance, shooting time and range time explained 84, 14, 1.8, and 0.2% of the overall sprint race performance (all p < 0.01). Time in uphill, varied, and downhill terrains were all significantly correlated to the total XC skiing time (r = 0.95, 0.82, 0.72, respectively, all p < 0.05). Percent of maximal HR (HRmax) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during submaximal roller skiing, and time-to-exhaustion during incremental roller skiing correlated significantly with overall biathlon sprint race performance and overall XC skiing time (r = 0.64-0.95, all p < 0.05). In conclusion, XC skiing performance provided greatest impact on biathlon sprint performance, with most of the variance determined by XC skiing performance in the uphill terrain sections. Furthermore, the ability to roller ski with a low RPE and %HRmax during submaximal speeds, as well as time-to-exhaustion during incremental roller skiing significantly predicted biathlon performance. Such laboratory-derived measures may therefore be validly used to distinguish biathletes of different performance levels and to track progress of their XC skiing capacity.

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Section: Skiing Performancesupporting

confidence: 85%

Analysis of a Biathlon Sprint Competition and Associated Laboratory Determinants of Performance

Luchsinger

Talsnes

Kocbach

et al. 2019

Front. Sports Act. Living

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“…Obviously, standing XC skiers produce higher speed and power output for the same terrain, both during the V max tests as well as during HIT and LIT (Stöggl and Holmberg, 2016;Solli et al, 2018) compared to the XC sit-skier in this case study. This can be attributed to a reduced amount of active muscle mass during XC sit-skiing where only the upperbody is used for propulsion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Accordingly, training in the sitting mode taxes the cardio-respiratory system to a lesser extent (Reybrouck et al, 1975;Hegge et al, 2015a;Baumgart et al, 2017). Furthermore, not only the absolute values but also the % of maximal speed and power output utilized during HIT and LIT were lower than what has previously been found in XC skiers (Stöggl and Holmberg, 2016;Solli et al, 2018;Haugnes et al, 2019). Why the relative values are lower in our case is not known, but it might be related to an earlier onset of muscular fatigue with isolated upper-body work compared to whole body work with variations in the use of multiple sub-techniques.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…To better understand overall performance, as well as the physical and technical demands in XC sit-skiing, continuous measurements of speed, and the corresponding power output, kinematic patterns (i.e., cycle rate and length) and heart rate (HR), as a proxy of metabolic intensity, for the various terrains throughout training and competitions would provide important information. In this context, the utilization of combined Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and micro-sensor technology in the field has shown potential in ablebodied XC skiers (Sandbakk et al, 2011(Sandbakk et al, , 2016Marsland et al, 2012Marsland et al, , 2015Marsland et al, , 2017Marsland et al, , 2018Seeberg et al, 2017;Solli et al, 2018) and could provide valuable insight also in XC sit-skiers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a Framework for the Investigation of Speed, Power, and Kinematic Patterns in Para Cross-Country Sit-Skiing: A Case Study of an LW12 Athlete

Baumgart

Haugnes

Bardal

et al. 2019

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Objective: To develop a framework for the investigation of speed, power, and kinematic patterns across varying terrain in crosscountry (XC) sit-skiing, and to test this framework in a XC sit-skier of the LW12 class during high-(HIT) and low-intensity (LIT) endurance training. Methods: One XC sit-skiing athlete of the LW12 class with a single above-the-knee amputation was equipped with a GNSS enabled sports watch with integrated barometry and heart rate monitoring (peak heart rate: 195 beats•min −1), and an inertial measurement unit. After a warm-up, he performed two 20-m maximal speed tests on a flat and an uphill section to determine maximal speed and power, followed by skiing 5.75 km at both LIT and HIT in varying terrain. Results: 51, 28, and 21% of the time during HIT and 53, 28, and 19% of the time during LIT were spent in uphill, flat and downhill terrain, respectively. Maximal speed in the uphill and flat section was 4.0 and 6.2 m•s −1 , respectively, and the corresponding maximal power output 342 and 252 W. The % of maximal speed did not differ between the uphill and the flat section (HIT: 66 vs. 67%, LIT: 47 vs. 50%), whereas the % of maximal power output was lower in the uphill than flat section (HIT: 65 and 80%, LIT: 46 and 58%). Still, the absolute power output was slightly higher in the uphill than the flat section (HIT: 222 vs. 201 W, LIT: 156 vs. 145 W). Furthermore, cycle rate was significantly higher during HIT than LIT (60-61 vs. 45-55 cycles•min −1 , across all terrains, all p < 0.03), while cycle length was longer in the uphill terrain (3.0 vs. 2.6 m, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the % of peak heart rate was significantly higher in HIT than LIT (90 vs. 78, 85 vs. 67, and 88 vs. 66%, respectively, in the uphill, flat and downhill terrain, all p < 0.001). Conclusions: Here, we present a new integrative framework for future investigations of performance, technical and physical demands in XC sit-skiing. In this case study, the Baumgart et al. Framework for Investigating Para XC Sit-Skiing increase in speed from LIT to HIT was due to increases in cycle rate in all terrains, while cycle length was less affected. Although the absolute power output was slightly higher in the uphill compared to the flat section both for HIT and LIT, the athlete worked closer to his maximum power output in the flat section.

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“…In the classical style, similar values were found for HIT both in flat and uphill terrain, whereas a higher proportion of Vmax was utilized on flat compared to uphill terrain during LIT (~65 versus ~54%), even though the relative HR was highest uphill (~65 versus ~75%). 27 Whether work rate would follow the same pattern and if these previous findings would apply for skating with LIT and MIT currently remains unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Interval-Based Physiological and Mechanical Demands of Cross-Country Ski Training

Haugnes¹,

Kocbach²,

Luchsinger³

et al. 2019

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Purpose: To investigate fluctuations in speed, work rate, and heart rate (HR) when cross-country ski skating across varying terrains at different endurance-training intensities. Methods: Seven male junior Norwegian skiers performed maximal-speed (Vmax) tests in both flat and uphill terrains. Thereafter, 5-km sessions at low (LIT), moderate (MIT), and high intensity (HIT) were performed based on their own perception of intensity while monitored by a global navigation satellite system with integrated barometry and accompanying HR monitor. Results: Speed, HR, and rating of perceived exertion gradually increased from LIT to MIT and HIT, both for the total course and in flat and uphill terrains (all P < .05). Uphill work rates (214 [24] W, 298 [27] W, and 350 [54] W for LIT, MIT, and HIT, respectively) and the corresponding percentage of maximal HR (79.2% [6.1]%, 88.3% [2.4]%, and 91.0% [1.7]%) were higher than in flat terrain (159 [16] W, 206 [19] W, and 233 [72] W vs 72.3% [6.3]%, 83.2% [2.3]%, and 87.4% [2.0]% for LIT, MIT, and HIT, respectively) (all P < .01). In general, ∼13% point lower utilization of maximal work rate was reached in uphill than in flat terrain at all intensities (all P < .01). Conclusions: Cross-country ski training across varying terrains is clearly interval based in terms of speed, external work rate, and metabolic intensity for all endurance-training intensities. Although work rate and HR were highest in uphill terrain at all intensities, the utilization of maximal work rate was higher in flat terrain. This demonstrates the large potential for generating external work rate when uphill skiing and the corresponding downregulation of effort due to the metabolic limitations.

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Sex-based differences in speed, sub-technique selection, and kinematic patterns during low- and high-intensity training for classical cross-country skiing

Cited by 29 publications

References 34 publications

Analysis of a Biathlon Sprint Competition and Associated Laboratory Determinants of Performance

Analysis of a Biathlon Sprint Competition and Associated Laboratory Determinants of Performance

Development of a Framework for the Investigation of Speed, Power, and Kinematic Patterns in Para Cross-Country Sit-Skiing: A Case Study of an LW12 Athlete

The Interval-Based Physiological and Mechanical Demands of Cross-Country Ski Training

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