Sex, Attractiveness, and Third-Party Punishment in Fairness Consideration

Li, Jia; Zhou, Xiaolin

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094004

Cited by 24 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Participants may have been fair to others because fairness signals one's moral character (Brosnan 2006). The findings are consistent with previous research where participants be-have fairly when distributing stakes (Li and Zhou 2014;Rand et al 2013). Participants are motivated by and prefer equal outcomes (Andre and Baumard 2011;Fehr and Schmidt 1999).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Physical Attractiveness, Altruism and Cooperation in an Ultimatum Game

2016

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Explaining cooperative tendencies through an evolutionary lens has been problematic for theorists. Traditional explanations derive from theories of reciprocity, biological markets, and more recently via partner choice and sexual selection. The sexual selection hypothesis has been tested within game-theoretic frameworks gaining empirical sup- port in explaining the evolution of altruism. Males have been found to be more altruistic towards attractive females. However, previous research has predominantly adopted a design where participants are not engaging with ‘real people’. Instead, participants make decisions when viewing images or hypothetical scenarios without visual cues. The present study aimed to investigate the sexual selection hypothesis using a face-to-face game theoretic framework. One hundred and thirty-eight participants played a 2-round ultimatum game with chocolate coins as the monetary incentive. We find, that physical attractiveness had no influence on generosity and cooperation when participants play a face-to-face ultimatum game. Instead, proposers were fair when allocating stakes, offering an average of half the endowment to responders. This study refutes the link between the sexual selection hypothesis and generosity when playing economic games with real people. Fairness appeared to drive generosity and cooperation

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Physical Attractiveness, Altruism and Cooperation in an Ultimatum Game

2016

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“…A trust game conducted by Wilson and Eckel [ 3 ] introduced the concept of the “beauty penalty” attached to attractive trusters who, when they failed to meet the expectation of trustees, received greater punishment than trusters who were less attractive. Li [ 4 ] complemented this theory by applying a third-party punishment experiment and found that the “beauty penalty” only appeared between same-sex counterparts. Therefore, in a two-person UG, responders’ expectation towards proposers, expecting them to be more generous or less generous, along with responders’ preference towards proposers’ appearance influenced their final choices on whether to accept the offer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beauty Matters: Social Preferences in a Three-Person Ultimatum Game

2015

PLoS ONE

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Preference for beauty is human nature, as previous behavior studies have supported the notion of “beauty premium” in which attractive people were more easily to get promoted and receive higher salaries. In the present study, 29 males were recruited to participate in a three-person ultimatum game (UG) including a proposer, a responder and a powerless third player. Each subject, playing as the responder, had to decide whether to accept an offer from the allocator both for himself and a female third person. We aimed to elucidate how the facial attractiveness of the female subject affected the male subjects’ fairness and decision-making in social exchanges. Frontal feedback-related negativity (FRN) in response to four offers in an attractive-face condition revealed no significant differences between offers; however, when the companion was an unattractive female, an “unfair/fair” offer, which assigned a lower share to the responder and a fair share to the third player, elicited the largest FRN. Furthermore, when the third player was offered the smallest amount (“fair/unfair” offer), a larger FRN was generated in an attractive-face condition than unattractive-face condition. In the “unfair/fair” offer condition in which subjects received a smaller allocation than the third person, the beauty of their female counterparts attenuated subjects’ aversion to inequality, resulting in a less negative FRN in the frontal region and an increased acceptance ratio. However, the influence of the third player’s facial attractiveness only affected the early evaluation stage: late P300 was found to be immune to the “beauty premium”. Under the two face conditions, P300 was smallest following an “unfair/fair” offer, whereas the amplitudes in the other three offer conditions exhibited no significant differences. In addition, the differentiated neural features of processing facial attractiveness were also determined and indexed by four event-related potentials (ERP) components: N170, frontal N1, N2 and late positive potentials (LPPs).

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“…Prior to the experiment, the participants were informed about the rules of the dictator game. In the dictator game (Li & Zhou, 2014), there are two players. One player is the "proposer," who decides how to distribute a fixed amount of money between himself/ herself and the other player.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of participants’ sex and the facial trustworthiness of proposers on third‐party decision‐making in a dictator game

Shang

2020

PsyCh Journal

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This study investigated the effects of participants' sex and the facial trustworthiness of proposers on third-party decision-making. Sixty-three participants participated in this study. The participant's task was to act as an interest-free third party who observed a dictator game in which proposers with either trustworthy or untrustworthy faces made offers to recipients, to evaluate the reasonableness of the offers, and to express their intentions to punish the proposers. The results showed that offers from trustworthy proposers were rated as more reasonable than offers from untrustworthy proposers. Similarly, the participants were more likely to punish untrustworthy proposers than trustworthy proposers. In addition, there was a trend that male participants punished proposers more severely than female participants when proposers made unfair offers. These results demonstrate that an individual's facial trustworthiness affects other people's judgment and decisions.

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Sex, Attractiveness, and Third-Party Punishment in Fairness Consideration

Cited by 24 publications

References 23 publications

Physical Attractiveness, Altruism and Cooperation in an Ultimatum Game

Physical Attractiveness, Altruism and Cooperation in an Ultimatum Game

Beauty Matters: Social Preferences in a Three-Person Ultimatum Game

The effects of participants’ sex and the facial trustworthiness of proposers on third‐party decision‐making in a dictator game

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