Sex and the cardiovascular system: the intriguing tale of how women and men regulate cardiovascular function differently

Huxley, Virginia H.

doi:10.1152/advan.00099.2006

Cited by 138 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…For example, males have lower heart rates when engaged in similar rates of exercise [16,44], higher VO 2 max levels relative to body mass [45,46], higher red blood cells per unit volume of plasma, wider airways and greater lung diffusion capacity [47]. When placed under cardiovascular stress, males respond by increasing vascular resistance, and consequently blood pressure, whereas women increase heart rate and are more at risk of fainting [16]. These performance differences are acknowledged by the gender-specific norms for exercise-related tests such as lung function values, VO 2 norms, blood pressure and prediction of maximum aerobic power [48].…”

Section: Gender Differences In Biological Structure and Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Emerging evidence from some animal studies show that estrogen, progesterone and testosterone differentially mediate exercise response and consequently physical activity in males and females [16,52,53].…”

Section: Citation: Hands B Parker H Larkin D Cantell M Rose E (20mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Huxley argues that historically there has been a failure to acknowledge the physiological differences between male and female and how these might impact on sex specific pathophysiology and implementation of appropriate cardiovascular disease treatments [16]. She points out that many of the data on healthy humans came from Caucasian men, 18 to 20 years of age drawn from the military, athletic, or medical schools.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Male and Female Differences in Health Benefits Derived from Physical Activity: Implications for Exercise Prescription

Hands¹,

Parker²

2016

J Womens Health, Issues Care

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Males are consistently reported as more physically active than females regardless of age or measure. Often, this difference results in females identified as under active and at risk of longterm poor health outcomes. In this paper a different perspective drawing on evidence from many sources is offered. Males and females gain different health benefits according to the level, mode and intensity of the physical activity. Some potential ramifications of these gender differences in health benefits are evident in the prevalence of hypokinetic diseases across the life span and the interpretation of measured physical activity levels and intensities. By focusing on these differences, this papers highlights the need to take a more divergent view of what exercise really means, and how it provides health needs differently for males and females. We identified important implications for public policy and physical activity guidelines.

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Section: Gender Differences In Biological Structure and Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Citation: Hands B Parker H Larkin D Cantell M Rose E (20mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Male and Female Differences in Health Benefits Derived from Physical Activity: Implications for Exercise Prescription

Hands¹,

Parker²

2016

J Womens Health, Issues Care

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“…Numerous studies have documented sex differences in the incidence, severity, and progression of cardiovascular and renal disease (47,77,113) and that men are often at higher risk for cardiovascular disease than premenopausal women of similar age (101,129). The differences in the rates of cardiovascular disease may be related, in part, to intrinsic sex differences in cardiovascular and/or renal function (84,112).…”

Section: Innate Sex Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the developmental origins of hypertension and cardiorenal disease

Gilbert

Nijland

2008

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

132

148

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“…Women have a lower lifetime risk of CAD than do men, and the difference in risk may be attributed in part to a generally later onset of high LDL-C levels (.100 mg/dl) and a slower decline in HDL-C level (1,2). The influence of estrogen has been proposed as one of the underlying factors in the differential risk profiles of women and men, making estrogen receptor a a candidate for predicting plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels (3,4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

ESR1 polymorphism is associated with plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels in Caucasians of the Rochester Family Heart Study*

Klos

Boerwinkle

Ferrell

et al. 2008

Journal of Lipid Research

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We evaluated six estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) polymorphisms for association with ten plasma lipid and apolipoprotein traits in 1,847 individuals (941 females and 906 males) in the multi-generation Rochester Family Heart Study using a generalized estimating equation approach. Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), apoA-II, and HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) were associated with exon 4 rs1801132 (Pro325Pro) genotype (P 5 0.0044, P 5 0.0048, and P 5 0.0035, respectively). Positive correlation between levels of apoA-I, apoA-II, and HDL-C and the number of G alleles was observed in females (P 5 0.0120, P 5 0.0032, and P 5 0.0030), but not males (P . 0.05). Because few studies have evaluated the effect of ESR1 gene polymorphisms on lipid traits in children, we also stratified our sample at the age of 15 years. There was evidence of association between intron 1 singlenucleotide polymorphisms rs9322331 and rs9340799 and apoC-II, and triglycerides (TGs) in youths 15 years and younger. In youths, evidence of association between rs9322331 and rs9340799 and apoC-II was stronger in males (P 5 0.0036 and P 5 0.0124) than in females (P . 0.05), whereas evidence of association with TG was stronger in females (P 5 0.0030 and P 5 0.0024) than in males (P . 0.05). These findings suggest that ESR1 variation plays an age-and sexdependent role in determining plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels. High levels of serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and low levels of HDL-C are independent risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). Women have a lower lifetime risk of CAD than do men, and the difference in risk may be attributed in part to a generally later onset of high LDL-C levels (.100 mg/dl) and a slower decline in HDL-C level (1, 2). The influence of estrogen has been proposed as one of the underlying factors in the differential risk profiles of women and men, making estrogen receptor a a candidate for predicting plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels (3, 4).Estrogen receptor a, encoded by the estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) gene on chromosome 6, has been demonstrated to influence the expression of proteins involved in the regulation of plasma lipid metabolism, such as apolipoprotein E (apoE), LDL receptor, and scavenger class B type 1 receptor (5-7). DNA variation in the ESR1 gene region has been associated with variation among individuals for components of the plasma lipid profile, including apoA-I, apoB, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglyceride (TG) levels, and HDL and LDL particle size (8)(9)(10)(11). Results from studies of association between plasma lipids and ESR1 polymorphisms have been mixed, however, with negative results reported for association with apoA-I, HDL-C, LDL-C, total cholesterol (TC), and TG. (9-11).In this study, we evaluate six ESR1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for their association with ten measures of plasma lipids and apolipoproteins. We took advantage of the multi-generation pedigree structure of the Rochester Family Heart Study (RFHS) to evaluate associations within sex and after stratifying at age 15. We find strong evide...

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Sex and the cardiovascular system: the intriguing tale of how women and men regulate cardiovascular function differently

Cited by 138 publications

References 41 publications

Male and Female Differences in Health Benefits Derived from Physical Activity: Implications for Exercise Prescription

Male and Female Differences in Health Benefits Derived from Physical Activity: Implications for Exercise Prescription

Sex differences in the developmental origins of hypertension and cardiorenal disease

ESR1 polymorphism is associated with plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels in Caucasians of the Rochester Family Heart Study*

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