Sex and Neo-Sex Chromosomes in Orthoptera: A Review*

Castillo, Elio Rodrigo Daniel; Martí, Dardo A.; Bidau, Claudio J.

doi:10.1665/034.019.0207

Cited by 46 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…In general terms, there are few records of recently established neo-sex chromosomes, probably due to the fact that the new fixed system has, in the initial stage at least, an accelerate process of differentiation. According to Castillo et al (2010b), a phylogenetically-distant group (Ommexechidae) includes two cases, namely South American Tetrixocephalus willemsei Gurney & liebermann and Neuquenina fictor (Rehn) (both Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Ommexechidae), where chiasmata analyses evidenced more than four crossing-over events between the XR and the neo-Y (Mesa, 1961). In the case of Melanoplinae, spontaneous neo-XY mutants are also expected to behave this way, as it was observed in Leiotettix sanguineus Bruner (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Acrididae) (Mesa & Mesa, 1967;Castillo et al, 2010b) but no records of established systems with this characteristics were found.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…with heterogametic females) (White, 1973;Hewitt, 1979;Traut, 1999;Traut et al, 2007;Castillo et al, 2010b). While the Z0/ ZZ condition is ancestral, present in all basal lineages of lepidoptera, cases of Z0/ZZ among more "advanced" insect species are sporadic and considered to be due to secondary loss of the W chromosome (Sahara et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the origin of neo-sex chromosomes, Robertsonian (Rb) fusions are always involved, a condition which can be exploited to infer stages in the Y chromosome degeneration process (Charlesworth, 2002;Charlesworth et al, 2005;Bachtrog, 2013). South American melanoplines are of interest in this respect due to a high frequency of neo-sex chromosomes when compared with species of the same subfamily from the rest of the world (Castillo et al, 2010b). Moreover, this subfamily also includes a large number of species which display extreme reductions in chromosome number, mainly due to the occurrence of centric fusions; however, other rearrangements have also played a significant role in karyotype re-structuring (Mesa et al, 1982;Bidau, 1990;Colombo et al, 2005;Castillo et al, 2010b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Robertsonian X-A fusions have occurred several times in the evolutionary history of the Melanoplinae (Mesa et al, 1982(Mesa et al, , 2001Colombo et al, 2005;Castillo et al, 2010b). Indeed, not only do they show a high frequency of derived systems, but also the observed neo-XY chromosome systems fall within a continuum of evolutionary scenarios showing at one end, a small degree of differentiation where the XR (fused autosome) arm of the neo-X still conserves high homology with the neo-Y; on the other end there is an almost complete loss of homology between the neo-Y and XR.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The early evolutionary history of neo-sex chromosomes in Neotropical grasshoppers, Boliviacris noroestensis (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae)

Castillo¹,

Taffarel²,

Martí³

2014

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. Neo-sex chromosomes are an important component of chromosome variation in Orthoptera, particularly South American Melanoplinae species, which have proven to be outstanding experimental model system to study the mechanism of sex chromosome evolution in this group of insects. In terms of their origin, most derived sex chromosome mechanisms involve a Robertsonian fusion (i.e. translocation) between the ancestral X chromosome and an autosome. In the grasshopper, Boliviacris noroestensis Ronderos & Cigliano (1990) (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae), our results point to a small degree of differentiation (conserved homology between the XR arm and the neo-Y) of the neo-XY chromosomes, which may be of recent evolutionary origin. However, a simple centric fusion model does not explain their origin, mainly because of the observed reduction in the fundamental number (fN) of arms. We propose two models which, we hope, clarify the genesis of B. noroestensis neo-sex chromosomes. Records of karyotype variation in related species due to multiple rearrangements support our models. We propose a possible adaptive advantage for neo-sex chromosome carriers, such changes perhaps representing the primary force that increases their frequency within natural populations compared with non-fused translocated forms, and occurring without apparent detriment to the microevolutionary forces that may also act, at least at the beginning of the evolutionary history of individuals bearing such neo-sex chromosomes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The early evolutionary history of neo-sex chromosomes in Neotropical grasshoppers, Boliviacris noroestensis (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae)

Castillo¹,

Taffarel²,

Martí³

2014

Eur. J. Entomol.

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“…The predicted inevitable decay of Y and W chromosomes has led to the idea that they are "born to be destroyed" (Steinemann and Steinemann 2005) and indeed these chromosomes are often dispensable [e.g., Lepidoptera (Traut et al 2008), nematodes (Bull 1983), Orthoptera (Castillo et al 2010), and Odonata (Kiauta 1969)]. Some groups, such as Coleoptera and Diptera, exhibit multiple independent losses of the Y chromosome (White 1977).…”

Section: Forces Promoting Y(w)-chromosome Degenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Tempo and Mode of Y Chromosome Turnover: Explaining Y Chromosome Loss With the Fragile Y Hypothesis

Blackmon

Demuth

2014

Genetics

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Chromosomal sex determination is phylogenetically widespread, having arisen independently in many lineages. Decades of theoretical work provide predictions about sex chromosome differentiation that are well supported by observations in both XY and ZW systems. However, the phylogenetic scope of previous work gives us a limited understanding of the pace of sex chromosome gain and loss and why Y or W chromosomes are more often lost in some lineages than others, creating XO or ZO systems. To gain phylogenetic breadth we therefore assembled a database of 4724 beetle species' karyotypes and found substantial variation in sex chromosome systems. We used the data to estimate rates of Y chromosome gain and loss across a phylogeny of 1126 taxa estimated from seven genes. Contrary to our initial expectations, we find that highly degenerated Y chromosomes of many members of the suborder Polyphaga are rarely lost, and that cases of Y chromosome loss are strongly associated with chiasmatic segregation during male meiosis. We propose the "fragile Y" hypothesis, that recurrent selection to reduce recombination between the X and Y chromosome leads to the evolution of a small pseudoautosomal region (PAR), which, in taxa that require XY chiasmata for proper segregation during meiosis, increases the probability of aneuploid gamete production, with Y chromosome loss. This hypothesis predicts that taxa that evolve achiasmatic segregation during male meiosis will rarely lose the Y chromosome. We discuss data from mammals, which are consistent with our prediction.

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Neo-sex chromosomes of Ronderosia bergi: insight into the evolution of sex chromosomes in grasshoppers

2015

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Sex chromosomes have evolved many times from morphologically identical autosome pairs, most often presenting several recombination suppression events, followed by accumulation of repetitive DNA sequences. In Orthoptera, most species have an X0♂ sex chromosome system. However, in the subfamily Melanoplinae, derived variants of neo-sex chromosomes (neo-XY♂ or neo-X1X2Y♂) emerged several times. Here, we examined the differentiation of neo-sex chromosomes in a Melanoplinae species with a neo-XY♂/XX♀ system, Ronderosia bergi, using several approaches: (i) classical cytogenetic analysis, (ii) mapping via fluorescent in situ hybridization of some selected repetitive DNA sequences and microdissected sex chromosomes, and (iii) immunolocalization of distinct histone modifications. The microdissected sex chromosomes were also used as sources for Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of RNA-coding multigene families, to study variants related to the sex chromosomes. Our data suggest that the R. bergi neo-Y has become differentiated after its formation by a Robertsonian translocation and inversions, and has accumulated repetitive DNA sequences. Interestingly, the ex autosomes incorporated into the neo-sex chromosomes retain some autosomal post-translational histone modifications, at least in metaphase I, suggesting that the establishment of functional modifications in neo-sex chromosomes is slower than their sequence differentiation.

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Sex and Neo-Sex Chromosomes in Orthoptera: A Review*

Cited by 46 publications

References 126 publications

The early evolutionary history of neo-sex chromosomes in Neotropical grasshoppers, Boliviacris noroestensis (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae)

The early evolutionary history of neo-sex chromosomes in Neotropical grasshoppers, Boliviacris noroestensis (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Melanoplinae)

Estimating Tempo and Mode of Y Chromosome Turnover: Explaining Y Chromosome Loss With the Fragile Y Hypothesis

Neo-sex chromosomes of Ronderosia bergi: insight into the evolution of sex chromosomes in grasshoppers

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