Sex and Gender Disparities in Melanoma

Bellenghi, Maria; Puglisi, Rossella; Pontecorvi, Giada; Feo, Alessandra De; Caré, Alessandra; Mattia, Gianfranco

doi:10.3390/cancers12071819

Cited by 91 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 212 publications

(247 reference statements)

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“…12). a possible explanation for this difference, as previously demonstrated by us (14) and other groups (15), is the hormone-dependent immune response that induces different antibody dynamics. Moreover, even the clinical outcome of coVid-19 was recently reported as correlated with gender (16).…”

Section: Vaccination Parametersmentioning

confidence: 58%

COVID‑19 vaccination and IgG and IgA antibody dynamics in healthcare workers

et al. 2021

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Given the current outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 and the development and implementation of mass vaccination, data are being obtained by analyzing vaccination campaigns. in the present study, 69 healthcare workers who were exposed to patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 were monitored for specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA levels at different time periods. Prior to vaccination, after the first round of vaccination at 21 days (when the second dose of vaccine was administrated) and 24 days after the second round of vaccination, with an mrna-based vaccine. The basal igG and iga levels in previously infected subjects and non-infected subjects notably differed. Vaccination increased the igG and iga levels after the first dose in most subjects from both groups, the levels of which further increased following the second round of vaccination. The associations between igG and iga levels following the first and second rounds of vaccination demonstrated that in the entire vaccination group, regardless of prior exposure to the infectious agent, the increment and levels of igG and iga were similar. Thus, the levels upon vaccination were statistically similar irrespective of the starting base line prior to vaccination. in the present study, seroconversion was achieved in all subjects following the second round of vaccination, with similar antibodies levels.

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Section: Vaccination Parametersmentioning

confidence: 58%

COVID‑19 vaccination and IgG and IgA antibody dynamics in healthcare workers

et al. 2021

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“…Furthermore, significant gender-specific differences were identified in Eotaxin and MCP-1 expression (Table 6), as well as in GM-CSF, TNF-α, IL-9, MIP-1a, IL-8, PDGF-BB, and MCP-1 (Tables S3-S5). This finding indicated the molecular bases possibly underlying the different incidence and different mortality rates in male vs. female melanoma [28][29][30][31][32], as well as the unexpected better response of immunotherapies in men than in women [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Serum and Tissue Expression Identified a Cytokine/Chemokine Signature as a Highly Effective Melanoma Marker

Cesati

Scatozza

D’Arcangelo

et al. 2020

Cancers

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The identification of reliable and quantitative melanoma biomarkers may help an early diagnosis and may directly affect melanoma mortality and morbidity. The aim of the present study was to identify effective biomarkers by investigating the expression of 27 cytokines/chemokines in melanoma compared to healthy controls, both in serum and in tissue samples. Serum samples were from 232 patients recruited at the IDI-IRCCS hospital. Expression was quantified by xMAP technology, on 27 cytokines/chemokines, compared to the control sera. RNA expression data of the same 27 molecules were obtained from 511 melanoma- and healthy-tissue samples, from the GENT2 database. Statistical analysis involved a 3-step approach: analysis of the single-molecules by Mann–Whitney analysis; analysis of paired-molecules by Pearson correlation; and profile analysis by the machine learning algorithm Support Vector Machine (SVM). Single-molecule analysis of serum expression identified IL-1b, IL-6, IP-10, PDGF-BB, and RANTES differently expressed in melanoma (p < 0.05). Expression of IL-8, GM-CSF, MCP-1, and TNF-α was found to be significantly correlated with Breslow thickness. Eotaxin and MCP-1 were found differentially expressed in male vs. female patients. Tissue expression analysis identified very effective marker/predictor genes, namely, IL-1Ra, IL-7, MIP-1a, and MIP-1b, with individual AUC values of 0.88, 0.86, 0.93, 0.87, respectively. SVM analysis of the tissue expression data identified the combination of these four molecules as the most effective signature to discriminate melanoma patients (AUC = 0.98). Validation, using the GEPIA2 database on an additional 1019 independent samples, fully confirmed these observations. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, that the IL-1Ra, IL-7, MIP-1a, and MIP-1b gene signature discriminates melanoma from control tissues with extremely high efficacy. We therefore propose this 4-molecule combination as an effective melanoma marker.

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“…Assuming that women generally have more robust immune systems than men, it is reasonable to expect diverse sex-associated anti-tumor effects of ICIs [86]. Nonetheless, enrolling a balanced number of men and women in clinical trials is of utmost importance to better understand sex differences and achieve the best healthcare for all [87].…”

Section: Sex/gender As a Potential Predictive Factor For Melanomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender-Dependent Specificities in Cutaneous Melanoma Predisposition, Risk Factors, Somatic Mutations, Prognostic and Predictive Factors: A Systematic Review

D’Ecclesiis

Caini²,

Martinoli

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Background and aim: Over the last decades, the incidence of melanoma has been steadily growing, with 4.2% of the population worldwide affected by cutaneous melanoma (CM) in 2020 and with a higher incidence and mortality in men than in women. We investigated both the risk factors for CM development and the prognostic and predictive factors for survival, stratifying for both sex and gender. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies indexed in PUB-MED, EMBASE, and Scopus until 4 February 2021. We included reviews, meta-analyses, and pooled analyses investigating differences between women and men in CM risk factors and in prognostic and predictive factors for CM survival. Data synthesis: Twenty-four studies were included, and relevant data extracted. Of these, 13 studies concerned potential risk factors, six concerned predictive factors, and five addressed prognostic factors of melanoma. Discussion: The systematic review revealed no significant differences in genetic predisposition to CM between males and females, while there appear to be several gender disparities regarding CM risk factors, partly attributable to different lifestyles and behavioral habits between men and women. There is currently no clear evidence of whether the mutational landscapes of CM differ by sex/gender. Prognosis is justified by a complex combination of phenotypes and immune functions, while reported differences between genders in predicting the effectiveness of new treatments are inconsistent. Overall, the results emerging from the literature reveal the importance of considering the sex/gender variable in all studies and pave the way for including it towards precision medicine. Conclusion: Men and women differ genetically, biologically, and by social construct. Our systematic review shows that, although fundamental, the variable sex/gender is not among the ones collected and analyzed.

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Sex and Gender Disparities in Melanoma

Cited by 91 publications

References 212 publications

COVID‑19 vaccination and IgG and IgA antibody dynamics in healthcare workers

COVID‑19 vaccination and IgG and IgA antibody dynamics in healthcare workers

Investigating Serum and Tissue Expression Identified a Cytokine/Chemokine Signature as a Highly Effective Melanoma Marker

Gender-Dependent Specificities in Cutaneous Melanoma Predisposition, Risk Factors, Somatic Mutations, Prognostic and Predictive Factors: A Systematic Review

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