Sex and gender differences in community-acquired pneumonia

Corica, Bernadette; Tartaglia, Francesco; D’Amico, Tania; Romiti, Giulio Francesco; Cangemi, Roberto

doi:10.1007/s11739-022-02999-7

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…Certain respiratory viral infections disproportionately affect the two sexes. Males typically experience more frequent lower respiratory tract infections [ 112 ] and, in the case of influenza A and B viruses, RSV, SARS-CoV, and other sources of community-acquired pneumonia, more severe disease compared to females [ 113 , 114 ]. Similarly, with SARS-CoV-2 infection, males are hospitalized [ 8 , 115 ], are admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) [ 8 , 116 ] and die [ 117 , 118 ] more often, although infection rates appear to be similar to those of women [ 119 ].…”

Section: Host Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors

Zsichla

Müller

2023

Viruses

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The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of severe COVID-19 is relevant both in the clinical setting and at the epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview of host, viral and environmental factors that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized to be associated with severe clinical outcomes. The factors considered in detail include the age and frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- and superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, and lifestyle of the patient; viral genetic variation and infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; and air pollution. For each category, we compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for the association of the factor with COVID-19 outcomes (including the strength of the effect) and outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss the complex interactions between the various risk factors.

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Section: Host Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors

Zsichla

Müller

2023

Viruses

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“…Previous studies have revealed a correlation between the incidence and mortality rates of Community-Acquired Pneumonia and gender differences. These disparities encompass not only chromosomal, hormonal, and anatomical variations between males and females, but also extend to cultural, societal roles, and behavioral differences 35 . For instance, a higher proportion of smoking among males is associated with an elevated incidence of CAP 36 , as well as disparate immune responses to infections, contributing to increased CAP rates 37 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multivariate Model to Predict Survival in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Zhu,

Zheng,

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background & Aims: Pneumonia continues to be a leading source of respiratory complications in emergency medical settings. Limited research has been conducted on constructing predictive models utilizing biomarkers to estimate the in-hospital mortality rates among patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP). Our study aims to develop a comprehensive nomogram to project the survival probabilities at 7, 14, and 28 days for individuals afflicted with CAP. Methods: Utilizing the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC) - III database, we selected 1,433 patients. These individuals were subsequently segregated into training set and validation set. Variables were chosen through the Cox regression approach, subsequently crafting a prognostic nomogram. The predictive capacity of this novel model was appraised using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, concordance index (C-index), calibration plot, net reclassification index (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), and was juxtaposed against the Acute Physiology Score III (APSIII) and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA). Results: The constructed nomogram incorporated the following variables: APSIII, Age, Temperature, WBC (White Blood Cell Count), Glucose, INR (International Normalized Ratio), Hemoglobin, Sodium, SOFA, Religion, Ethnicity, and Gender. Notably, this nomogram demonstrated superior performance compared to both the APSIII and the SOFA score, as evidenced by the ROC curve, C-index, NRI, and IDI evaluations. Conclusion: We have harnessed a diverse array of biomarkers to construct a nomogram that surpasses the accuracy of APSIII and SOFA. This tool holds the potential to assist healthcare professionals in enhancing treatment strategies and prognosticating patient outcomes.

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“…Most of these studies have shown a higher incidence in males when compared to females. [ 15 , 16 ] In 2021, De Miguel-Yanes et al analyzed sex-related disparities in pneumonia. He described 518,838 cases of community-acquired pneumonia and 38,705 cases of hospital-acquired pneumonia from hospitals in Spain (2016–2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrolyte disturbances in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection: An observational study

Cancarevic,

Nassar,

Foster

et al. 2024

Medicine

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There are multiple mechanisms by which The Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) infection can cause electrolyte abnormalities, which may not be the case for bacterial causes of pneumonia. This study aimed to assess the differences in electrolyte levels between patients suffering from COVID-19 and bacterial pneumonia. This is an original, retrospective study. Two cohorts of hospitalized patients were included, 1 suffering from COVID-19 and the other from bacterial pneumonia. Their day 1 and day 3 levels of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus, as well as their outcomes, were extracted from the charts. Statistical analysis was subsequently performed. Mean admission levels of sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium were 135.64 ± 6.13, 4.38 ± 0.69, 3.53 ± 0.69, and 2.03 ± 0.51, respectively. The mean day 3 levels of these electrolytes were 138.3 ± 5.06, 4.18 ± 0.59, 3.578 ± 0.59, and 2.11 ± 0.64, respectively. Patients suffering from bacterial pneumonia were significantly older (N = 219, mean = 64.88 ± 15.99) than patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (N = 240, mean = 57.63 ± 17.87). Bacterial pneumonia group had significantly higher serum potassium (N = 211, mean = 4.51 ± 0.76), and magnesium (N = 115, mean = 2.12 ± 0.60) levels compared to COVID-19 group (N = 227, mean = 4.254 ± 0.60 for potassium and N = 118, mean = 1.933 ± 0.38 for magnesium). Only magnesium was significantly higher among day 3 electrolytes in the bacterial pneumonia group. No significant association between electrolyte levels and outcomes was seen. We found that COVID-19 patients had lower potassium and magnesium levels on admission, possibly due to the effect of COVID-19 on the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system as well as patient characteristics and management. We did not find enough evidence to recommend using electrolyte levels as a determinator of prognosis, but more research is needed.

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Sex and gender differences in community-acquired pneumonia

Cited by 29 publications

References 125 publications

Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors

Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors

Multivariate Model to Predict Survival in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Electrolyte disturbances in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection: An observational study

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