Sex and developmental stage of carob flowers affects composition of volatiles

Custódio, Luísa; Nogueira, José Manuel Florêncio; Romano, Anabela

doi:10.1080/14620316.2004.11511827

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Another study identified seven different volatile groups, with acids as the most abundant class (71%-77% in pods powder) [35]. Despite the extraction method, difference seems to be primarily due to ecological factors and to the extracted organ: pods with seeds or pods deseeded and to the type of investigated cultivars i.e., male, female or hermaphrodite [36]. In regards to "Rob", there is a difference in the volatile profile of homemade Rob, characterized by fatty acids and terpenes, and the commercial Rob molasses characterized by terpenoids and siloxanes, the latter being non natural products [16].…”

Section: Volatile Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Activities of Aqueous Extracts from Carob Plant (Ceratonia siliqua L.) by Antioxidant, Analgesic and Proapoptotic Properties Evaluation

et al. 2020

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The present work describes the volatile compounds profile and phytochemical content of Ceratonia siliqua L. Fifty different components have been identified. Among them, three constituents are shared i.e., 2-methlybutanoic acid, methyl hexanoate and limonene by different common carob preparations: pulp decoction (PD), seeds decoction (SD) and Rob, a sweet syrup extracted from the pulp of the carob pod. Each extract exhibits different volatile aromatic emission profiles. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using three methods, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP, producing a dose-dependent response. The IC50, when determined by FRAP, gave the lowest values (0.66 ± 0.01, 0.73 ± 0.05 and 0.55 ± 0.00 mg/mL PD, SD and Rob, respectively). The nociception essay, after intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid in mice, demonstrated that Rob, pulp and seeds decoction extracts showed an efficient inhibition of writhes over time, with persistence over 30 min. The SD decoction revealed the highest efficacy in decreasing the writhing reflex (90.3 ± 1.2%; p < 0.001). Furthermore, the proapoptotic activity of SD against three human cell line, THP-1, MCF-7 and LOVO, evaluated by flow cytometry, showed a significantly stronger proapoptotic activity on colon cancer (LOVO) than on the other cell lines, a phenomenon known as phenotypic selectivity.

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Section: Volatile Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Activities of Aqueous Extracts from Carob Plant (Ceratonia siliqua L.) by Antioxidant, Analgesic and Proapoptotic Properties Evaluation

et al. 2020

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“…A similar pattern may be seen in the phytelephantoid palms where female inflorescences start anthesis at night when male inflorescences are cooling down and their scent is fading (Ervik, Tollsten, & Knudsen 1999). In the carob, greatest volatile production was associated with nectar production, which occurs earlier in the developmental sequence of the flowers of males than females (Custódio, Nogueira, & Romano 2004). In these latter two cases, whether these differences lead to specific patterns of pollinator movements awaits direct experimental tests.…”

Section: Observed Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sniffing out patterns of sexual dimorphism in floral scent

Ashman¹

2009

Functional Ecology

111

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Summary 1.A major transition in flowering plants has been the evolution of separate sexes (dioecy) from combined sexes (hermaphroditism). This transition is often, but not always, accompanied by the evolution of sexual dimorphism in attractive traits, and floral scent is no exception. 2. In this review I aim to improve our understanding of variation in sexual dimorphism in floral scent characteristics by first explicating the relevant hypotheses, and then deriving explicit predictions for the pattern of floral scent from each. 3. Next, I synthesize and qualitatively review published data on floral volatile emission rate and composition in 33 gender dimorphic species to identify emerging patterns, and evaluate these in light of predictions derived from the hypotheses. 4. Although conclusions must be viewed as preliminary, a handful of strong patterns were revealed: (1) in the majority of the species studied males emit more volatiles per flower than females, (2) in over half of the species studied the sexes differed in at least one aspect of scent composition, (3) sexual dimorphism in scent composition was less common in species with rewardless females and ⁄ or brood site pollination than those that offered nectar and ⁄ or pollen, (4) a one-to-one correspondence between sex differences in overall scent composition and male organ-specific scent production is largely not found. 5. This review has highlighted gaps in our understanding of the genesis of patterns of sexual dimorphism in floral scent, and makes clear that to move the field forward we need to shift our focus from pattern to process, and this will be best achieved by simultaneously testing alternative hypotheses at the same level of analysis.

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“…A musky scent is present with the nectar although female flowers are less scented than male (Custódio, Nogueira, & Romano, 2004).…”

Section: Floral Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thirty-five compounds were detected in the scent by Levy (2006), dominated by >40% monoterpenoids (pinene, β-myrcene, β-linalool, d-limonene) and benzenoids with additional fatty acid derivatives and sesquiterpenoids (Custódio, 2005;Custódio et al, 2005;Custódio, Nogueira, & Romano, 2004;Levy, 2006). Male flowers had higher levels (70%) of monoterpenes than hermaphrodite (52%)…”

Section: Floral Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

International Biological Flora: Ceratonia siliqua

Thomas,

Garcia‐Martí,

Mukassabi

et al. 2024

Journal of Ecology

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This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Ceratonia siliqua L. (Carob) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the International Biological Flora: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history and conservation. Ceratonia siliqua is a lowland evergreen shrub or tree, native around the Mediterranean basin and widely cultivated in areas with a warm temperate and subtropical climate, with more than 100 named cultivars. Carob grows on a wide range of soils including nutrient‐poor and strongly calcareous, dry soils. Carob is dioecious or rarely hermaphrodite although females dominate in cultivation due to their fruit. Pollination is primarily by insects and the relatively large seeds are spread mainly by ingestion of fruits by mammals. Seed dormancy is imposed by a hard seed coat and seeds germinate readily after natural or artificial scarification. Drought tolerance is very high, acting as a drought avoiding water spender. Carob is also very tolerant of saline conditions and tolerant of fire and can act to restrict wildfire spread by generating fuel discontinuity. It shows high post‐fire regrowth. Old individuals house a diversity of associated fauna and are comparatively unaffected by serious pests and diseases. Carob has a long cultural history around the Mediterranean as a food source for humans and domesticated animals, in herbal and modern medicine and, more recently, for the carob bean gum used in a variety of domestic products and foods. Commercial production of fruits has declined over past decades but the low cultural care needed in growing orchards, potential new markets for fruit and seeds, and growing use of the tree to prevent soil erosion and sequester carbon gives carob a brighter future.

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Sex and developmental stage of carob flowers affects composition of volatiles

Cited by 12 publications

References 10 publications

Biological Activities of Aqueous Extracts from Carob Plant (Ceratonia siliqua L.) by Antioxidant, Analgesic and Proapoptotic Properties Evaluation

Biological Activities of Aqueous Extracts from Carob Plant (Ceratonia siliqua L.) by Antioxidant, Analgesic and Proapoptotic Properties Evaluation

Sniffing out patterns of sexual dimorphism in floral scent

International Biological Flora: Ceratonia siliqua

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