Sex and cultural differences in perceived locus of control among students in five countries.

McGinnies, Elliott; Nordholm, Lena A.; Ward, Charles D.; Bhanthumnavin, Duangduen

doi:10.1037/h0036676

Cited by 92 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This is consistent with several previous findings (McGinnies, Nordholm, Ward, & Bhanthumnavin, 1974;De Brabander and Boone, 1990). A probable cause of this difference is suggested by McGinnies et al (p. 454) by indicating that ' '[t]here are, in all probability, few countries where women have achieved equality of opportunity with males and where they possess freedom of self-determination to the same extent as males.…”

Section: Subjects and Measuressupporting

confidence: 81%

Locus of control and learning to cooperate in a prisoner's dilemma game

Boone

Brabander

Carree

et al. 2002

Personality and Individual Differences

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Boone et al. (Boone, C., De Brabander, B., & van Witteloostuijn, A. (1999a). Locus of control and strategic behaviour in a prisoner's dilemma game. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 695-706;Boone, C., De Brabander, B., & van Witteloostuijn, A. (1999b). The impact of personality on behaviour in five Prisoner's Dilemma games, Journal of Economic Psychology, 20, showed that subjects with an internal locus of control were, on average, more cooperative in a prisoner's dilemma (PD) game than subjects with an external locus of control. They conjectured that this finding should not be interpreted as evidence for stable differences in cooperative behaviour between internals and externals. Specifically, they suggested that it is the capacity to adapt to different circumstances over time that distinguishes internals from externals. In the present study we want to investigate the validity of this proposition. We argue that in a PD setting individuals gradually learn to understand the subtle interplay between cooperation and selfinterest. Repetition and learning breed cooperation because people learn to understand that cooperation is instrumental in obtaining long-run profit. There is, however, good reason to believe that individuals differ as to the speed of learning to cooperate. We hypothesise that internals are more astute in learning to cooperate in a PD game because they are more endowed with the cognitive faculties necessary for quick learning than externals. Our empirical findings indeed reveal that externals play less cooperatively, on average, in the first part of a series of PD games. However, this difference gradually disappears. In fact, the experiment suggests that learning and repetition reduce the impact of individual differences. By way of appraisal, implications for further research are discussed. #

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Section: Subjects and Measuressupporting

confidence: 81%

Locus of control and learning to cooperate in a prisoner's dilemma game

Boone

Brabander

Carree

et al. 2002

Personality and Individual Differences

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“…Male teachers seemed to feel that they exercised more control than female teachers, and it is interesting to relate this to the phenomenon known as 'locus of control'. Although Rotter (1971) did not originally conclude that females were more oriented to an external locus of control, subsequent results, such as those published by McGinnies et al (1974) present different findings. These investigators found that in five different cultures, females were more oriented to an external locus of control than males.…”

Section: Discussion Of Results (Part C)mentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Attempts have been made to link locus of control with major variables like sex and ethnic grouping. For example, McGinnies et al (1974) compared locus of control scores, using Rotter's scale, across five cultures (Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Sweden and the U.S.) and found that in all cases females were more externallyoriented than males. This finding is particularly important in view of the results of this research.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Teachers’ Perceptions of Factors Influencing the Curriculum

Doherty¹,

Travers²

1984

Educational Studies

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“…In addition, the performance of male and female subjects on the I-E Scale (Rotter, 1966) was investigated to see if there are any gender differences in their performance, as some previous research has suggested (Feather, 1967;McGinnies, Nordholm, Ward, & Bhanthumnavin, 1974;Rotter, 1966;Zerega Jr., Tseng, & Greever, 1976).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Subjects' perceptions of and responses to punishment

Maitland

Clarke

1983

Australian Journal of Psychology

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This study was designed to investigate whether there is a relationship between recipients' subjective perceptions of the punishment situation and the effect a punishing stimulus will have on their observed behaviour. The independent variables were the recipients' perceptions of (a) the severity of the punishing stimulus, (b) their locus of control and (c) their control of the punishing stimulus.The results showed that internally oriented men and women took longer to cease responding to a criterion than did those who were externally oriented. Also, the punishing stimulus was rated less severely following its use as a punishment when the recipients could control the onset and offset of the punishing stimulus than when it was under the control of the experimenter. Further, the relationship between the recipients' subjective ratings of the severity of the punishing stimulus and their responding in a punishment situation is not a direct one. It appears to be modified, in part, by the recipients' perceived locus of control, suggesting that person variables, as well as situation variables, should be considered in research dealing with response contingent aversive stimulation.Most research into punishment with humans and infrahumans has investigated the observable effect a punishing stimulus has upon a target behaviour. Few studies have attempted to discover whether the recipients' subjective perceptions of the punishment situation influence their observed responses to the punishment. Some researchers, employing infrahuman subjects (Baron

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Sex and cultural differences in perceived locus of control among students in five countries.

Cited by 92 publications

References 12 publications

Locus of control and learning to cooperate in a prisoner's dilemma game

Locus of control and learning to cooperate in a prisoner's dilemma game

Teachers’ Perceptions of Factors Influencing the Curriculum

Subjects' perceptions of and responses to punishment

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