Severity of upper limb injuries in snowboarding

Sasaki, Kuniaki; Takagi, Michiaki; Ida, Hideo; Yamakawa, Mitsunori; Ogino, Takashi

doi:10.1007/s004020050413

Cited by 27 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…The risk of sustaining an injury while snowboarding is higher than alpine skiing [2][3][4] and injury rates are among the highest of all sports in the 9 to 19-yearold age group [5]. In snowboarding, the wrist is the most frequently injured region [6][7][8], with wrist fractures a common occurrence [9]. Snowboarders often attempt to cushion a fall with outstretched hands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of surrogate design on the measured stiffness of snowboarding wrist protectors

et al. 2018

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In snowboarding, the wrist is the most common injury site, as snowboarders often put their arms out to cushion a fall. This can result in a compressive load through the carpals coupled with wrist hyperextension, leading to ligament sprains or carpal and forearm bone fractures. Wrist protectors are worn by snowboarders in an effort to reduce injury risk, by decreasing peak impact forces and limiting wrist extension to prevent hyperextension during falls. There is no international standard or universally accepted performance specification that snowboarding wrist protectors should conform to, resulting in an inability to judge which designs offer the best protection. This study investigated how surrogate arm design affected the stiffness of wrist protectors during quasi-static mechanical testing. Three surrogate arms with increasing design complexity were used to test three wrist protectors. The results show that surrogate design does influence the stiffness of snowboarding wrist protectors. Given that the surrogate does influence protector performance, it is recommended that a standard surrogate design is established for research and product testing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of surrogate design on the measured stiffness of snowboarding wrist protectors

et al. 2018

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“…Despite the popularity of snow-sports, there are inherent risks of injury, and even death. Snowboarders are at greater risk of injury than skiers [6][7][8], with estimates ranging from 1 to 15 injuries per 1,000 riding days [9,10]. The upper extremities are particularly at risk among snowboarders [7,9,11,12], with wrist injuries common for beginners and children [7,[13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auxetic Foam for Snow-Sport Safety Devices

Allen

Duncan

Foster

et al. 2017

Snow Sports Trauma and Safety

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Skiing and snowboarding are popular snow-sports with inherent risk of injury. There is potential to reduce the prevalence of injuries by improving and implementing snow-sport safety devices with the application of advanced materials. This chapter investigates the application of auxetic foam to snow-sport safety devices. Composite pads-consisting of foam covered with a semi-rigid shell-were investigated as a simple model of body armour and a large 70 × 355 × 355 mm auxetic foam sample was fabricated as an example crash barrier. The thermo-mechanical conversion process was applied to convert open-cell polyurethane foam to auxetic foam. The composite pad with auxetic foam absorbed around three times more energy than the conventional equivalent under quasi-static compression with a concentrated load, indicating potential for body armour applications. An adapted thermo-mechanical process-utilising through-thickness rods to control in-plane compression-was applied to fabricate the large sample with relatively consistent properties throughout, indicating further potential for fabrication of a full size auxetic crash barrier. Further work will create full size prototypes of snow-sport safety devices with comparative testing against current products.

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“…Especially among 9-19-year olds, there is evidence that snowboarding injury rates are among the highest of all sports [47]. Among snowboarders, the wrist represents the most frequently injured body region and accounts for 19-28 % of all injuries [20,26,[48][49][50]. The injury rate of distal radial fractures is 0.31 per 1,000 snowboarder daily visits [51].…”

Section: Wrist Injuries In Snowboardingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of wrist injuries are consequences of falls [5,20,51,56,84,[96][97][98][99], particularly backward falls [26,51,54,100,101]. Distal radius fractures are likely sustained when falling onto outstretched arms/hands and are observed in both backward and forward falls.…”

Section: Injury Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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White Paper: functionality and efficacy of wrist protectors in snowboarding—towards a harmonized international standard

et al. 2013

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The wrist is the most frequently injured body region among snowboarders. Studies have shown that the risk of sustaining a wrist injury can be reduced by wearing wrist protection. Currently, there are a wide variety of wrist protection products for snowboarding on the market that offer a range of protective features. However, there are no minimum performance standards for snowboarding wrist protectors worldwide. The International Society for Skiing Safety convened a task force to develop a White Paper to evaluate the importance and necessity of a minimum performance for all wrist protectors used in snowboarding. The White Paper outlines the need for a general framework for a harmonized international standard and reviews the existing evidence. Therefore, this White Paper may serve as a common base for future discussions. The broader goal of developing and implementing such a standard is to reduce the incidence and the severity of wrist injuries in snowboarding without increasing the risk of adverse events, such as upper arm or shoulder injury. The European standard for inline skating wrist protectors (EN 14120) can serve as a starting point for efforts related to a standard for snowboard wrist protectors, but certain modifications to the standard would be required. It is hypothesized that implementation of a snowboarding wrist protector standard would result in fewer and less severe wrist injuries in the sport and could translate into more riding days for healthy snowboarders and significant health-care costs savings. Abstract The wrist is the most frequently injured body region among snowboarders. Studies have shown that the risk of sustaining a wrist injury can be reduced by wearing wrist protection. Currently, there are a wide variety of wrist protection products for snowboarding on the market that offer a range of protective features. However, there are no minimum performance standards for snowboarding wrist protectors worldwide. The International Society for Skiing Safety convened a task force to develop a White Paper to evaluate the importance and necessity of a minimum performance for all wrist protectors used in snowboarding. The White Paper outlines the need for a general framework for a harmonized international standard and reviews the existing evidence. Therefore, this White Paper may serve as a common base for future discussions. The broader goal of developing and implementing such a standard is to reduce the incidence and the severity of wrist injuries in snowboarding without increasing the risk of adverse events, such as upper arm or shoulder injury. The European standard for inline skating wrist protectors (EN 14120) can serve as a starting point for efforts related to a standard for snowboard wrist protectors, but certain modifications to the standard would be required. It is hypothesized that implementation of a snowboarding wrist protector standard would result in fewer and less severe wrist injuries in the sport and could translate into more riding days for healthy snowboarders and sig...

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Severity of upper limb injuries in snowboarding

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of surrogate design on the measured stiffness of snowboarding wrist protectors

Effect of surrogate design on the measured stiffness of snowboarding wrist protectors

Auxetic Foam for Snow-Sport Safety Devices

White Paper: functionality and efficacy of wrist protectors in snowboarding—towards a harmonized international standard

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