Severity of respiratory syncytial virus disease related to type and genotype of virus and to cytokine values in nasopharyngeal secretions

Hornsleth, A; Klug, Bent; Nir, Marta; Johansen, Jens Vilstrup; Hansen, Kirsten; Christensen, Laurids Siig; Larsen, Lars Bruun

doi:10.1097/00006454-199812000-00003

Cited by 98 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Comparable high amounts of TNF-α and IL-6, next to IL-1β and IL-8 have been found in nasal secretions and superficial mucosal biopsies in RSV-infected infants and children [80,91]. Further evidence for a role of TNF-α and IL-6 in acute RSV infections comes from a patient study in which higher IL-6: TNF-α ratios in nasopharyngeal secretions are correlated with the lower severities of the disease [61]. This finding can be explained by the negative effects of IL-6 on TNF-α and IL-1 release and resulting proinflammatory effects [110].…”

Section: Cytokines In Viral Respiratory Diseases Of Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proinflammatory cytokines and viral respiratory disease in pigs

2000

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-Swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are enzootic viruses causing pulmonary infections in pigs. The first part of this review concentrates on known clinical and pathogenetic features of these infections. SIV is a primary respiratory pathogen; PRCV and PRRSV, on the contrary, tend to cause subclinical infections if uncomplicated but they appear to be important contributors to multifactorial respiratory diseases. The exact mechanisms whereby these viruses cause symptoms and pathology, however, remain unresolved. Classical studies of pathogenesis have revealed different lung cell tropisms and replication kinetics for each of these viruses and they suggest the involvement of different lung inflammatory responses or mediators. The proinflammatory cytokines interferon-α (IFN-α), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) have been shown to play key roles in several respiratory disease conditions. The biological effects of these cytokines and their involvement in human viral respiratory disease are discussed in the second part of this review. The third part summarises studies that were recently undertaken in the authors' laboratory to investigate the relationship between respiratory disease in pigs and bioactive lung lavage levels of IFN-α, TNF-α and IL-1 during single and combined infections with the above viruses. In single SIV infections, typical signs of swine "flu" were tightly correlated with an excessive and coordinate production of the 3 cytokines examined. PRCV or PRRSV infections, in contrast, were subclinical and did not induce production of all 3 cytokines. Combined infections with these 2 subclinical respiratory viruses failed to potentiate disease or cytokine production. After combined inoculation with PRCV followed by bacterial lipopolysaccharide, both clinical respiratory disease and TNF-α/IL-1 production were markedly more severe than those associated with the respective single inoculations. Taken together, these data are the first to demonstrate that proinflammatory cytokines can be important mediators of viral respiratory diseases in pigs. respiratory coronavirus, PRCV), et le virus du syndrome dysgénésique et respiratoire porcin (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, PRRSV) sont des virus enzootiques provoquant des infections pulmonaires chez le porc. Les caractéristiques cliniques et pathogénétiques de ces infections sont données dans la première partie de cette revue. Le SIV est un agent pathogène respiratoire primaire ; les PRCV et PRRSV, en revanche, ne causent que des infections subcliniques en l'absence de complications, mais ils contribuent de manière importante aux maladies respiratoires multifactorielles. Cependant, les mécanismes précis par lesquels ces virus provoquent des symptômes et une pathologie demeurent inconnus. Les études classiques de pathogenèse ont révélé un tropisme pour les cellules pulmonaires et des cinétiques de réplication différents pour...

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Section: Cytokines In Viral Respiratory Diseases Of Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proinflammatory cytokines and viral respiratory disease in pigs

2000

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“…IL-17-producing T cells are induced in primary infections through pathways that involve STAT3 and IL-6 (16,17). High levels of IL-6 have been found in the airways of infants with RSV bronchiolitis (18,19), and a number of studies have identified IL-17 in the airways (20)(21)(22)(23)(24) and plasma (21,24) of infants with RSV infection. Two studies have found lower levels of IL-17 in the airways of the most severely affected infants, and the authors suggested that higher IL-17 levels were associated with protection against more severe disease (21,24).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cytokine responses in primary and secondary respiratory syncytial virus infections

et al. 2016

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Background: Primary respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are characterized by high levels of IL-8 and an intense neutrophilia. Little is known about the cytokine responses in secondary infections. Preschool children experiencing RSV secondary infections were recruited from the siblings of infants admitted to hospital with RSV acute bronchiolitis. Methods: Fifty-one infants with acute bronchiolitis (39 RSV positive, 12 RSV negative) and 20 age-matched control infants were recruited. In addition, seven older siblings of infants from the RSV-positive cohort and confirmed RSV infection were recruited. Samples of nasal secretions were obtained using a flocked swab, and secretions extracted using centrifugation. Cytokine bead array was used to obtain levels of interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-8, IL-6, IL-21, and tumor necrosis factor-α. results: Levels of IL-8 and IL-6 were significantly lower in the RSV-positive siblings compared with the RSV-positive infants. There were no significant differences between levels of the other cytokines in the primary and secondary infections. conclusion: The very high levels of IL-8 and IL-6 response characteristic of the primary RSV infection was not observed in secondary RSV-positive infections and this did not appear to be due to a global reduction in cytokine production.

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“…18 More recently, the investigation into cellular immunity as a whole includes studies on the levels of different interleukins in airway secretions. 16,17,[20][21][22] In an attempt to understand the complex role of IL-2 in immune response, we measured the levels of this cytokine in our study. Our aim was to test out the hypothesis that IL-2 was elevated in the airway secretions of patients with RSV bronchiolitis with indication for hospitalization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increase in the levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 have been reported, but some other authors could not observe an increase in the level of some of these cytokines. 16,17,[20][21][22] More specifically, Th1 immune response, through the production of IL-2 and interferon-gamma, has aroused the interest of researchers. However, discrepant results have been found, such as those suggesting that IL-2 is an appropriate means of determining inflammatory response in patients with severe AVB, in the acute phase of the disease, whereas other authors could not observe Th1 immune response, as measured by interferon-gamma, at any stage of the disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrações de interleucina-2 na secreção nasofaríngea de crianças com bronquiolite viral aguda pelo vírus respiratório sincicial

Giugno¹,

Amantéa²,

Barreto³

2004

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

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Objective: To assess interleukin-2 concentrations in nasopharyngeal secretion of children (0-24 months) with acute respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, within the first 12 hours of hospital admission, and compare the levels of IL-2 with the severity of the illness.Methods: Prospective study performed between June and August 1999. The study included 62 patients, previously healthy, hospitalized with acute viral bronchiolitis characterized by recent prodromes of coryza and/or nasal obstruction, which evolved to at least two of the following signs: respiratory dysfunction, tachypnea, wheezing or rales, and detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal aspirate. The nasopharyngeal specimens were collected within 12 hours of hospital admission. The interleukin-2 levels were obtained by enzyme immunoassay. Severity of illness was assessed through oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry, Modified Clinical Score System, time of supplemental oxygen required, length of hospital stay, and mechanical ventilation. Spearman s correlation and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compared these variables in relation to the median of interleukin-2. The chi-square test was used for categorical analysis of interleukin-2.Results: The mean age of patients was 2.2 (1.3-4) months. Males comprised 54% of cases. Hemoglobin oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry at hospital admission was below 95% in 66.1% of patients. The mean time of supplemental oxygen use was 4.7 days (±3.54). The mean length of hospital stay was 4.25 days (±1.76). Mechanical ventilation was used in 4.8% of patients. The values of interleukin-2 in nasopharyngeal aspirates varied from 0 to 40,256 ng/ml with median of 86 ng/ml (4.4 457.3). The study showed no statistical difference between levels of IL-2 and severity of illness. Conclusions:The interleukin-2 levels showed a heterogeneous behavior. We found no association between interleukin-2 levels in nasopharyngeal secretion and respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2004;80(4):315-20: Interleukin-2, acute viral bronchiolitis, respiratory syncytial virus, nasopharyngeal aspirates.

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Severity of respiratory syncytial virus disease related to type and genotype of virus and to cytokine values in nasopharyngeal secretions

Abstract: The severity of disease in patients admitted with acute RSV infections can be correlated to the RSV type as determined by PCR, to the RSV genotype as determined by nucleic acid restriction analysis and to the ratio IL-6:TNF-alpha in NPS.

Cited by 98 publications

References 36 publications

Proinflammatory cytokines and viral respiratory disease in pigs

Proinflammatory cytokines and viral respiratory disease in pigs

Cytokine responses in primary and secondary respiratory syncytial virus infections

Concentrações de interleucina-2 na secreção nasofaríngea de crianças com bronquiolite viral aguda pelo vírus respiratório sincicial

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