Severity of Pain Catastrophizing and Its Associations With Cognitive Flexibility and Self‐Efficacy in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abstract

BackgroundPain catastrophizing in patients with rheumatoid arthritis exacerbates negative pain‐related outcomes, such as anxiety, depression, and pain intensity. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the severity of pain catastrophizing and the factors contributing to it among these patients. The present study aimed to assess the severity of pain catastrophizing and its association with cognitive flexibility and self‐efficacy in a sample of Iranian patients with rheumatoid arthritis.MethodsA descriptive correlational study was conducted on 220 rheumatoid patients referred to a rheumatology clinic affiliated with Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran. The instruments used to collect data included a demographic form, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, and the Arthritis Self‐Efficacy Scale. The data were analysed using SPSS version 24.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 53.25 ± 12.41 years, and the mean duration of their disease was 6.63 ± 3.39 years. The majority of participants, specifically 61.8%, reported high levels of pain catastrophizing. An inverse and significant correlation was found between pain catastrophizing and cognitive flexibility (p < 0.001). Likewise, pain catastrophizing exhibited an inverse and significant correlation with self‐efficacy and all its dimensions (p < 0.001). The results of the multiple linear regression analysis indicate that the final significant predictors of pain catastrophizing were cognitive flexibility (β = −0.34, p < 0.001) and self‐efficacy (β = −0.53, p < 0.001). These predictors were found to significantly explain 51% of the variance in catastrophizing.ConclusionsThrough psychosocial interventions aimed at enhancing pain self‐efficacy and cognitive flexibility, healthcare providers can hope to reduce pain catastrophizing and its adverse effects in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.