Severe measles in the tropics. I.

Morley, David

doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5639.297

Cited by 113 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…Thirty two were excluded from the trial, all but six before randomisation because of corneal ulcers (seven patients, who were automatically given vitamin A and are reported on separately22); death within 24 hours of admission (five); running away within 24 hours (one); receiving vitamin A before admission (nine); and admission while the study coordinator was absent (10). Of the 180 children in the trial, 11 did not have their height recorded and 15 did not have their haemoglobin concentration measured.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin A supplements and mortality related to measles: a randomised clinical trial.

Barclay¹,

Foster²,

Sommer³

1987

BMJ

254

141

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One hundred and eighty children admitted with measles were randomly allocated to receive routine treatment alone or with additional large doses ofvitamin A (200 000 IU orally immediately and again the next day). Baseline characteristics of the two groups were virtually identical for age, severity of measles, and vitamin A and general nutritional states. In 91% of the children serum vitamin A concentrations were less than 056 Rmol/l. Of the 88 subjects given vitamin A supplements, six (7%) died; of the 92 controls, 12 (13%) died (p=0l13). This difference in mortality was most obvious for children aged under 2 years (one death out of 46 children receiving supplements versus seven deaths out of 42 controls; p<005) and for cases complicated by croup or laryngotracheobronchitis. Mortality was several times higher in marasmic than in better nourished children, regardless of study allocation (p<0-01).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin A supplements and mortality related to measles: a randomised clinical trial.

Barclay¹,

Foster²,

Sommer³

1987

BMJ

254

141

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“…Southern Hemispheric birth data may help us understand the variation observed in the seasonality of childhood infections. For instance, historical work in Africa has shown that measles incidence peaks in April in Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania, but earlier (November-January) in their southern neighbours Zambia, Zimbabwe and Malawi [57]. Knowing the seasonal birth peak timing and amplitude in these locations may allow us to better understand this variation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human birth seasonality: latitudinal gradient and interplay with childhood disease dynamics

et al. 2014

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More than a century of ecological studies have demonstrated the importance of demography in shaping spatial and temporal variation in population dynamics. Surprisingly, the impact of seasonal recruitment on infectious disease systems has received much less attention. Here, we present data encompassing 78 years of monthly natality in the USA, and reveal pronounced seasonality in birth rates, with geographical and temporal variation in both the peak birth timing and amplitude. The timing of annual birth pulses followed a latitudinal gradient, with northern states exhibiting spring/summer peaks and southern states exhibiting autumn peaks, a pattern we also observed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Additionally, the amplitude of United States birth seasonality was more than twofold greater in southern states versus those in the north. Next, we examined the dynamical impact of birth seasonality on childhood disease incidence, using a mechanistic model of measles. Birth seasonality was found to have the potential to alter the magnitude and periodicity of epidemics, with the effect dependent on both birth peak timing and amplitude. In a simulation study, we fitted an susceptible-exposed-infectedrecovered model to simulated data, and demonstrated that ignoring birth seasonality can bias the estimation of critical epidemiological parameters. Finally, we carried out statistical inference using historical measles incidence data from New York City. Our analyses did not identify the predicted systematic biases in parameter estimates. This may be owing to the well-known frequency-locking between measles epidemics and seasonal transmission rates, or may arise from substantial uncertainty in multiple model parameters and estimation stochasticity.

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“…In central and eastern Africa, many countries have a high prevalence of HIV infection and a high incidence of measles. Measles virus itself is highly immunosuppressive, and much of measles mortality is attributable to secondary infections that result from suppression of cellular immunity [23][24][25]. The effects of measles virus on the immune system are complex, however, and result not only in a state of immune suppression but also in a state of immune activation [26][27][28].…”

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confidence: 98%

Suppression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication during Acute Measles

Moss

Ryon²,

Monze

et al. 2002

J INFECT DIS

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To determine the effect of measles virus coinfection on plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA levels, a prospective study of hospitalized children with measles was conducted between January 1998 and October 2000 in Lusaka, Zambia. Plasma HIV RNA levels were measured during acute measles and 1 month after hospital discharge. The median plasma HIV RNA level in 33 children with measles who were followed longitudinally was 5339 copies/mL at study entry, 60,121 copies/mL at hospital discharge, and 387,148 copies/mL at 1-month follow-up. The median plasma HIV RNA level in children without acute illness was 228,454 copies/mL. Plasma levels of immune activation markers were elevated during the period of reduced plasma HIV RNA. Plasma levels of several potential HIV suppressive factors also were elevated during acute measles. HIV replication is transiently suppressed during acute measles at a time of intense immune activation.

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Severe measles in the tropics. I.

Cited by 113 publications

References 0 publications

Vitamin A supplements and mortality related to measles: a randomised clinical trial.

Vitamin A supplements and mortality related to measles: a randomised clinical trial.

Human birth seasonality: latitudinal gradient and interplay with childhood disease dynamics

Suppression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication during Acute Measles

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