Severe Japanese Mamushi (<i>Gloydius blomhoffii</i>) bite

Yoon, Ezekiel Wong Toh; Otani, Yuichiro; Kabuto, Syu

doi:10.1002/ccr3.1084

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The mamushi (Gloydius blomhoffii) is a pit viper responsible for 1.67 bites per 100,000 persons every 6 months and 10 deaths every year in Japan. [1] The mamushi venom mainly consists of multiple enzymes that work as hemolytic toxins, including phospholipase A2; neurotoxins, an alpha-toxin/beta-toxin; increased vascular permeability, arginine ester dehydrogenase; rhabdomyolysis, endopeptidase/bleeding factor (HR1 or HR2); platelet aggregation, L-amino acid oxidase. [2] Severe cases of mamushi bites usually require the administration of a horse-derived antivenin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[2] Severe cases of mamushi bites usually require the administration of a horse-derived antivenin. [1] Basically, 6000 units of antivenin is administered immediately after the mamushi bite, and if symptoms improve, an additional 3000-6000 units is administered within a few hours. However, the antivenin has the potential to cause anaphylaxis (3.2%) and serum diseases (11%-12%); therefore, physicians tend to hesitate to apply this treatment in mild cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Favorable Course after a Second Infusion of Antivenin Using Premedication

Takeuchi¹,

Jitsuiki²,

Yanagawa³

2020

AJMCR

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Favorable Course after a Second Infusion of Antivenin Using Premedication

Takeuchi¹,

Jitsuiki²,

Yanagawa³

2020

AJMCR

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“…blomhoffi) bites (and related species) each year across Japan and surrounding areas (Hifumi et al, 2015;Hifumi et al, 2011). Bite case reports describe classic haemorrhagic pit viper symptoms including wide spread bleeding which can be fatal (Okamoto et al, 2017;Toh Yoon et al, 2017). The mechanisms behind these widespread symptoms has been subjected to minimal investigation, with majority of the results illustrating fibrinogenolytic effects upon coagulation (Cho et al, 2001;Choi and Lee, 2013;Huang et al, 2011;Zhang et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A blood bond: evolutionary, pathophysiological and biodiscovery implications of coagulotoxic snake venoms

Debono¹

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Snakebite is a massive global burden and is a neglected area of tropical diseases. Snake venom neurotoxins have been the subject of intense research efforts, albeit significantly less is known about coagulotoxins. Venoms can deleteriously affect any physiological system reachable by the bloodstream, including being able to directly interfere with the coagulation cascade. Such coagulopathic toxins may be either anticoagulant or procoagulant and snake venoms are unique in their use of procoagulant toxins for predatory purposes. Our limited knowledge into the mechanisms of action of snake venom hinders our understanding of the clinical pathologies and also restricts our use of these powerful natural products as lead compounds in drug design and development. Two snake families which exhibit coagulant properties and lead to a range of clinical pathologies are vipers, Viperidae, and non-front-fanged snakes, Colubridae. The primary focus of this thesis was to investigate and compare the coagulotoxicity effects and mechanisms of various species of known venomous snakes that effect coagulation. Species chosen for this investigation have had limited previous research conducted, thus a knowledge gap in the literature remains. These coagulant properties were investigated through a multi-disciplinary approach, highlighting key results from both families.Data chapters 2 and 3 explore venom from the boomslang (Dispholidus typus) and the twig snakes (Thelotornis species) -iconic African snakes belonging to the family Colubridae. Both species produce strikingly similar lethal procoagulant pathologies. Despite these similarities, antivenom is only produced for treating bites by D. typus, and the mechanisms of action of both venoms have been understudied. We found that T. mossambicanus produced a significantly stronger coagulation response compared to D. typus, governed by strong prothrombin activation through PIII-SVMPs.Despite similarities in symptoms and clinical manifestations, venom composition differs widely between the two species, recovered from a combined approach of venomics and transcriptomics. The neutralising capability of the available boomslang antivenom was also investigated on both species, with it being 11.3 times more effective upon D. typus venom than T. mossambicanus. Envenomation by Crotalinae such as Asian pit vipers can induce multiple clinical complications resulting from coagulopathic and neuropathic effects. Data chapters 4 -8 investigate the Asian Pit Viper clade. While intense research has been undertaken for some species, such as Calloselasma rhodostoma, functional coagulopathic effects have been neglected. As these species' venoms affect the blood coagulation cascade and are known to produce haemorrhagic shock in envenomed patients, we investigated their effects upon coagulation using venoms of 33 species from the Asian pit viper clade including Azemiops, Calloselasma, Deinagkistrodon, Gloydius, Hypnale, Protobothrops, Trimeresurus and Tropidolaemus. Fibrinogen was the main coagulation target among th...

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