Severe COVID-19versusmultisystem inflammatory syndrome: comparing two critical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with diverse host response immunodynamics and variable inflammatory manifestations. Several immune-modulating risk factors can contribute to a more severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) course with increased morbidity and mortality. The comparatively rare post-infectious multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) can develop in formerly healthy individuals, with accelerated progression to life-threatening illness. A common trajectory of immune dysregulation forms a continuum of the COVID-19 spectrum and MIS; however, severity of COVID-19 or the development of MIS is dependent on distinct aetiological factors that produce variable host inflammatory responses to infection with different spatiotemporal manifestations, a comprehensive understanding of which is necessary to set better targeted therapeutic and preventative strategies for both.

An Evaluation of Type 1 Interferon Related Genes in Male and Female-Matched, SARS-CoV-2 Infected Individuals Early in the COVID-19 Pandemic

“…This was not the case with male versus female responses to SARS-CoV-2, as initially, severe COVID-19 was less likely in females, and male COVID-19+ individuals had higher rates of mortality in comparison to females [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ]. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis were common in high-risk COVID-19+ individuals (predominantly male), highlighting a need to reprogram immunity towards a more productive anti-viral response [ 55 , 56 ] that prevents excess inflammation and improves adaptive immunity and T cell memory [ 13 , 14 , 57 ]. Disappointingly, when we evaluated biological sex variables in our analysis, we did not find clear statistical significance in our experimental outcomes.…”

Initial COVID-19 severity influenced by SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells imprints T-cell memory and inversely affects reinfection

“…The causes underlying the delay and impairment of the acute virus-specific immune effectors in patients with severe and critical COVID-19 are poorly understood. Previous studies 28,29 revealed that aging and multiple comorbidities suppress early T cell responses and are associated with immunological aging. The present study also confirmed that age, gender, and coexisting disorders correlated with disease severity.…”

Difficulties in diagnosing complications of COVID-19: description of a clinical case

“…Согласно статистическим данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения, среди детей COVID-19 встречался менее чем у 2% [5]. Так, в Швейцарии заболеваемость детей до 10 лет cоставила 0,4%, 10-18 лет -2,6%, в Испании -0,8%, в Индии до 10 лет -2,5% и 10-18 лет -5%, в Китае -5,9%, в США -1,7% [5].…”

“…Согласно статистическим данным Всемирной организации здравоохранения, среди детей COVID-19 встречался менее чем у 2% [5]. Так, в Швейцарии заболеваемость детей до 10 лет cоставила 0,4%, 10-18 лет -2,6%, в Испании -0,8%, в Индии до 10 лет -2,5% и 10-18 лет -5%, в Китае -5,9%, в США -1,7% [5]. Исходя из данных Федерального детского реанимационно-консультативного центра РФ, коронавирусной инфекцией переболели около 50 000 детей -6,6% (рис.…”