Severe Chromoblastomycosis-Like Cutaneous Infection Caused by Chrysosporium keratinophilum

Mijiti, Juhaer; Pan, Bo; Hoog, Sybren de; Horie, Yoshikazu; Matsuzawa, T.; Yilifan, Yilixiati; Liu, Yong; Abliz, Parida; Pan, Weihua; Deng, Di; Guo, Yun; Zhang, Peiliang; Liao, Wanqing; Deng, Shuwen

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00083

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…The families Chaetomiaceae, Microascaceae, Onygenaceae, and Pleurostomataceae have the following etiologic agents that are capable of causing CBM in humans: Dichotomopilus funicola [23], Scedosporium prolificans [68], Chrysosporium keratinophilum [69], and Pleurostomophora richardsiae [73], respectively. Species in the genus Chrysosporium are saprophytes and can be found in soil, manure, and a rich environment in chitin, such as hair and feathers, rarely causing infection in humans [69]. Similarly, the species P. richardsiae, D. funicola, and S. prolificans are rarely implicated in human disease, and to our knowledge, they are considered opportunistic parasites in immunosuppressed patients [23,73].…”

Section: Diversity Of Etiologic Agents Of Cbmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the Etiologic Agents, Microbe-Host Relationship, Immune Response, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Chromoblastomycosis

Passero

Cavallone

Belda

2021

Journal of Immunology Research

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Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a neglected human disease, caused by different species of pigmented dematiaceous fungi that cause subcutaneous infections. This disease has been considered an occupational disease, occurring among people working in the field of agriculture, particularly in low-income countries. In 1914, the first case of CBM was described in Brazil, and although efforts have been made, few scientific and technological advances have been made in this area. In the field of fungi and host cell relationship, a very reduced number of antigens were characterized, but available data suggest that ectoantigens bind to the cell membrane of host cells and modulate the phagocytic, immunological, and microbicidal responses of immune cells. Furthermore, antigens cleave extracellular proteins in tissues, allowing fungi to spread. On the contrary, if phagocytic cells are able to present antigens in MHC molecules to T lymphocytes in the presence of costimulation and IL-12, a Th1 immune response will develop and a relative control of the disease will be observed. Despite knowledge of the resistance and susceptibility in CBM, up to now, no effective vaccines have been developed. In the field of chemotherapy, most patients are treated with conventional antifungal drugs, such as itraconazole and terbinafine, but these drugs exhibit limitations, considering that not all patients heal cutaneous lesions. Few advances in treatment have been made so far, but one of the most promising ones is based on the use of immunomodulators, such as imiquimod. Data about a standard treatment are missing in the medical literature; part of it is caused by the existence of a diversity of etiologic agents and clinical forms. The present review summarizes the advances made in the field of CBM related to the diversity of pathogenic species, fungi and host cell relationship, antigens, innate and acquired immunity, clinical forms of CBM, chemotherapy, and diagnosis.

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Section: Diversity Of Etiologic Agents Of Cbmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviewing the Etiologic Agents, Microbe-Host Relationship, Immune Response, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Chromoblastomycosis

Passero

Cavallone

Belda

2021

Journal of Immunology Research

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“…However, these reports must be treated with care, since in most cases, the causative agent has not been correctly (molecularly) identified. Additionally, there is no broad consensus among clinical mycologists about the pathogenic potential of these species [11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid De Novo Whole-Genome Assembly, Annotation, and Identification of Secondary Metabolite Gene Clusters in the Ex-Type Strain of Chrysosporium keratinophilum

Granados-Casas

Sastoque

Stchigel

et al. 2023

JoF

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Chrysosporium is a polyphyletic genus belonging (mostly) to different families of the order Onygenales (Eurotiomycetes, Ascomycota). Certain species, such as Chrysosporium keratinophilum, are pathogenic for animals, including humans, but are also a source of proteolytic enzymes (mainly keratinases) potentially useful in bioremediation. However, only a few studies have been published regarding bioactive compounds, of which the production is mostly unpredictable due to the absence of high-quality genomic sequences. During the development of our study, the genome of the ex-type strain of Chrysosporium keratinophilum, CBS 104.66, was sequenced and assembled using a hybrid method. The results showed a high-quality genome of 25.4 Mbp in size spread across 25 contigs, with an N50 of 2.0 Mb, 34,824 coding sequences, 8002 protein sequences, 166 tRNAs, and 24 rRNAs. The functional annotation of the predicted proteins was performed using InterProScan, and the KEGG pathway mapping using BlastKOALA. The results identified a total of 3529 protein families and 856 superfamilies, which were classified into six levels and 23 KEGG categories. Subsequently, using DIAMOND, we identified 83 pathogen–host interactions (PHI) and 421 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). Finally, the analysis using AntiSMASH showed that this strain has a total of 27 biosynthesis gene clusters (BGCs), suggesting that it has a great potential to produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites. This genomic information provides new knowledge that allows for a deeper understanding of the biology of C. keratinophilum, and offers valuable new information for further investigations of the Chrysosporium species and the order Onygenales.

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Danger of exposure to keratinophilic fungi and other dermatophytes in recreational place in the northeast region of India

2021

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Severe Chromoblastomycosis-Like Cutaneous Infection Caused by Chrysosporium keratinophilum

Cited by 5 publications

References 13 publications

Reviewing the Etiologic Agents, Microbe-Host Relationship, Immune Response, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Chromoblastomycosis

Reviewing the Etiologic Agents, Microbe-Host Relationship, Immune Response, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Chromoblastomycosis

Hybrid De Novo Whole-Genome Assembly, Annotation, and Identification of Secondary Metabolite Gene Clusters in the Ex-Type Strain of Chrysosporium keratinophilum

Danger of exposure to keratinophilic fungi and other dermatophytes in recreational place in the northeast region of India

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