Several Aspects of Application of Nanodiamonds as Reinforcements for Metal Matrix Composites

Abstract

After detonation synthesis, primary nanodiamond particles are around 4–6 nm in size. However, they join into agglomerates with larger parameters and weak bonds between particles. The introduction of agglomerates into a metal matrix can lead to the weakness of composites. This paper demonstrates the possibility of obtaining a non-agglomerated distribution of nanodiamonds inside a metal matrix. The fabrication method was based on mechanical alloying to create additional stresses and deformations by phase transformations during treatment in a planetary mill. According to the findings, the starting temperature of the reaction between the non-agglomerated nanodiamonds and aluminium matrix reduces to 450 °C. Furthermore, the paper shows that existing methods (annealing for the transformation of a diamond structure into graphitic material and cleaning from this graphitic material) cannot reduce the sizes of nanodiamonds in the agglomerated state. Agglomerated nanodiamonds transform into carbon onions (graphitic material) during annealing in a vacuum in the following way: the nanodiamonds located in the surface layers of the agglomerate are the first to undergo the complete transformation followed by the transformation of nanoparticles in its deeper layers. In the intermediate state, the agglomerate has a graphitic surface layer and a core from nanodiamonds: cleaning from graphite cannot reduce nanodiamond particle size.

Nanoscale Tribological Properties of Nanostructure Fe3Al and (Fe,Ti)3Al Compounds Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering Method

“…In this test, the residual depth is an appropriate criterion for evaluating the wear resistance of the material. This test is frequently used to compare the wear resistance of various materials processed in different conditions [55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73]. The AFM images from longitudinal scratches of the bulk As can be seen, the residual depth of the Fe 3 Al compound is larger than that of the (Fe,Ti) 3 Al sample.…”

Characterization of Carbon Nanostructures by Photoelectron Spectroscopies

“…This also appears in the inset, where a perfect diffraction pattern corresponding to the diamond lattice is reported. Reprinted with permission from [192]. (C) An ozone treated detonation nanodiamond.…”

“…A similar analysis was performed by other authors [194], who analyzed the C 1s, its loss features and the C KLL Auger spectrum of acid-cleaned detonation NDs, which were subsequently annealed at 900 and 1500 °C. Reprinted with permission from [192]. (C) An ozone treated detonation nanodiamond.…”

“…(A) A nanodiamond cone. (B) Nanodiamonds characterized by a twinned structure.Reprinted with permission from[192]. (C) An ozone treated detonation nanodiamond.…”

Structure evolution of nanodiamond aggregates: a SANS and USANS study

“…ND aggregates of <1000 A ˚have been found to form (during explosion conditions) with C-C bonds between the primary nanoparticles. Other types of ND aggregates form through the creation of bonds between oxygen-containing surface groups and van der Waals forces during the ND purification stages (Popov, 2021). Several groups of researchers have investigated various mechanical and chemical techniques to reduce the agglomeration of DNDs and substitute functional groups on their surface (Krueger & Boedeker, 2008;Aleksenskiy et al, 2011;Shvidchenko et al, 2017).…”