“…Monteverdi's attention to the germane extra-musical aspects, without which a representation of music as drama would be incomplete, was well acknowledged in his letters (Monteverdi & Stevens, 1980). The papal states of Florence, Ferrara, and Mantua, in healthy artistic competition with one another, were environments that held long traditions of pastoral plays, intermedi, and commedia dell'arte (Carter, 1993a;Pirrotta & Povoledo, 1982;Wilbourne, 2016). The first opera singers were professional actors, notes Calcagno (2002, p. 386), specifically citing the example of Virginia Ramponi Andreini, the first Arianna (Wilbourne, 2008).…”