Setup for meV-resolution inelastic X-ray scattering measurements and X-ray diffraction at the Matter in Extreme Conditions endstation at the Linac Coherent Light Source
Abstract:We describe a setup for performing inelastic X-ray scattering measurements at the Matter in Extreme Conditions (MEC) endstation of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). This technique is capable of performing high-, meV-resolution measurements of dynamic ion features in both crystalline and non-crystalline materials. A four-bounce silicon (533) monochromator was used in conjunction with three silicon (533) diced crystal analyzers to provide an energy resolution of ∼50 meV over a range of ∼500 meV in single s… Show more
“…Beryllium compound refractive lenses, 9 m upstream Figure 1. Sketch of the experimental setup used to perform millielectronvolt inelastic X-ray scattering at the HED end-station at the European XFEL 44 , following the proof of principle of McBride et al 5 . Incident X-ray pulses at 7,492 eV are first monochromatised using a succession of two double-bounce silicon monochromators arranged in a dispersive configuration.…”
We present a method to determine the bulk temperature of a single crystal diamond sample at an X-Ray free electron laser using inelastic X-ray scattering. The experiment was performed at the high energy density instrument at the European XFEL GmbH, Germany. The technique, based on inelastic X-ray scattering and the principle of detailed balance, was demonstrated to give accurate temperature measurements, within 8% for both room temperature diamond and heated diamond to 500 K. Here, the temperature was increased in a controlled way using a resistive heater to test theoretical predictions of the scaling of the signal with temperature. The method was tested by validating the energy of the phonon modes with previous measurements made at room temperature using inelastic X-ray scattering and neutron scattering techniques. This technique could be used to determine the bulk temperature in transient systems with a temporal resolution of 50 fs and for which accurate measurements of thermodynamic properties are vital to build accurate equation of state and transport models. From the thermal shield of a spacecraft during atmospheric re-entry 1 to the interior of Jovian planets 2 , matter is often found at pressures and temperatures that are at the limits of where conventional condensed matter and plasma physics formalisms are valid 3. At such extreme conditions, the kinetic energy of the electrons is comparable to the potential energy of interaction between electrons and the nuclei. For these systems, direct and accurate measurements of thermodynamic and transport properties are vital. Extreme states of matter can be produced by dynamic laser-driven compression 4-6 and laser heating techniques 7,8. These methods can excite a material into a transient state of simultaneously high density and temperature, and thereby enable access to previously unexplored regions of phase space. State-of-the-art experiments investigate the properties of materials driven into these conditions by coupling high-energy lasers with suitable probing techniques 9,10. In particular, X-ray scattering has proven to be a powerful tool for determining the structure and density, and the development of
“…Beryllium compound refractive lenses, 9 m upstream Figure 1. Sketch of the experimental setup used to perform millielectronvolt inelastic X-ray scattering at the HED end-station at the European XFEL 44 , following the proof of principle of McBride et al 5 . Incident X-ray pulses at 7,492 eV are first monochromatised using a succession of two double-bounce silicon monochromators arranged in a dispersive configuration.…”
We present a method to determine the bulk temperature of a single crystal diamond sample at an X-Ray free electron laser using inelastic X-ray scattering. The experiment was performed at the high energy density instrument at the European XFEL GmbH, Germany. The technique, based on inelastic X-ray scattering and the principle of detailed balance, was demonstrated to give accurate temperature measurements, within 8% for both room temperature diamond and heated diamond to 500 K. Here, the temperature was increased in a controlled way using a resistive heater to test theoretical predictions of the scaling of the signal with temperature. The method was tested by validating the energy of the phonon modes with previous measurements made at room temperature using inelastic X-ray scattering and neutron scattering techniques. This technique could be used to determine the bulk temperature in transient systems with a temporal resolution of 50 fs and for which accurate measurements of thermodynamic properties are vital to build accurate equation of state and transport models. From the thermal shield of a spacecraft during atmospheric re-entry 1 to the interior of Jovian planets 2 , matter is often found at pressures and temperatures that are at the limits of where conventional condensed matter and plasma physics formalisms are valid 3. At such extreme conditions, the kinetic energy of the electrons is comparable to the potential energy of interaction between electrons and the nuclei. For these systems, direct and accurate measurements of thermodynamic and transport properties are vital. Extreme states of matter can be produced by dynamic laser-driven compression 4-6 and laser heating techniques 7,8. These methods can excite a material into a transient state of simultaneously high density and temperature, and thereby enable access to previously unexplored regions of phase space. State-of-the-art experiments investigate the properties of materials driven into these conditions by coupling high-energy lasers with suitable probing techniques 9,10. In particular, X-ray scattering has proven to be a powerful tool for determining the structure and density, and the development of
“…Emma McBride (SLAC) presented measurements of transport properties using high-resolution inelastic X-ray scattering. An energy resolution of 50 meV was achieved using the 4-bounce channel-cut (533) Si monochromator together with diced silicon (533) crystal analyzers (McBride et al ., 2018). This was used to measure the longitudinal acoustic phonon modes in warm dense Argon created by the interaction of the uncompressed short pulse laser (1 J, 130 ps) with a cryogenic Argon jet.…”
Section: Recent Experiments At Lcls-mecmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This workshop was the sixth annual meeting in a series that has promoted information exchange between users and has provided recommendations on capability upgrades at LCLS-MEC (Falcone et al ., 2014; Heimann and Glenzer, 2015; Bolme et al ., 2016; Bolme et al ., 2017, 2018) (Photo 1). In the last year, 11 journal articles have been published from research at LCLS-MEC (Brown et al ., 2017; Gleason et al ., 2017; Kluge et al ., 2017; Kraus et al ., 2017, 2018; Wehrenberg et al ., 2017; Bae et al ., 2018; McBride et al ., 2018; Seiboth et al ., 2018; Sliwa et al ., 2018; Williams et al ., 2018), and a total of 35 articles have been published since 2014. Photo 1.(Color online) Participants of the Sixth High-Power Laser Workshop at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.…”
“…Whereas previous analysis has established diamond formation in these samples with X-ray diffraction (XRD) from diamond crystallites 15,23 , here, we present a quantitative analysis of species separation applying X-Ray Thomson scattering (XRTS) that does not rely on the presence of crystalline structures. The theory of XRTS predicts strong sensitivity of the elastic scattering to different degrees of mixing 24 , while the inelastic scattering from free electrons can be used as a reliable diagnostics for the basic plasma parameters like density, temperature and ion charge state [25][26][27] . We now extend the applicability of XRTS and demonstrate the feasibility of a quantitative measurement of the degree of species separation in carbon-hydrogen mixtures.…”
The gas and ice giants in our solar system can be seen as a natural laboratory for the physics of highly compressed matter at temperatures up to thousands of kelvins. In turn, our understanding of their structure and evolution depends critically on our ability to model such matter. One key aspect is the miscibility of the elements in their interiors. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of X-ray Thomson scattering to quantify the degree of species separation in a 1:1 carbon-hydrogen mixture at a pressure of~150 GPa and a temperature of 5000 K. Our measurements provide absolute values of the structure factor that encodes the microscopic arrangement of the particles. From these data, we find a lower limit of 24 þ6 À7 % of the carbon atoms forming isolated carbon clusters. In principle, this procedure can be employed for investigating the miscibility behaviour of any binary mixture at the highpressure environment of planetary interiors, in particular, for non-crystalline samples where it is difficult to obtain conclusive results from X-ray diffraction. Moreover, this method will enable unprecedented measurements of mixing/demixing kinetics in dense plasma environments, e.g., induced by chemistry or hydrodynamic instabilities.
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