Setting the Context for Offshore Wind Development Effects on Fish and Fisheries

Gill, Andrew B.; Degraer, S.; Lipsky, Andrew; Mavraki, Ninon; Methratta, Elizabeth T.; Brabant, R.

doi:10.5670/oceanog.2020.411

Cited by 50 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In general, these studies have sought to examine how a single wind farm affects abundance, biomass, diversity, size, distribution, or community composition. Interactions with wind development, although typically studied as an overarching "wind farm effect, " are in reality an aggregate of multiple IPFs that may be operating in the system during each phase of development (Degraer et al, 2019;Dannheim et al, 2020;Gill et al, 2020;Hutchison et al, 2020;Mooney et al, 2020). Generally, studies using these designs have reported either weak or inconsistent effects for fish species (e.g., Vandendriessche et al, 2015).…”

Section: Before-after-control Impact Design: Overview and Application To Offshore Wind Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is needed for both basic monitoring aimed at assessing the aggregate "wind farm effect" and targeted research projects that focus on specific, mechanism-based research questions (Hutchison et al, 2020). For targeted research studies examining the effect of a specific IPF, the choice of distance-based sampling intervals can be informed by understanding how the IPF varies across the wind farm area and the relationship between the IPF and the biological indices to be measured (Gill et al, 2020). Figure 2 depicts hypothesized spatial and temporal scales for IPFs that may affect fisheries resources and highlights that while direct effects may occur at scales similar to the IPFs driving them, the scales of indirect effects may extend further.…”

Section: Selection Of Distance Intervalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Along the Atlantic coast of the United States, there are currently 17 commercial leases (Figure 1), and additional areas on the Pacific coasts of California and Hawaii are being explored for possible development. The potential effects of wind development on marine fisheries resource species (i.e., finfish and shellfish including mollusks and crustaceans), and their habitats have gained major attention because of their ecological and economic importance and because of the implications that these effects may have for fishing communities (Gill et al, 2020;Methratta et al, 2020;Perry and Heyman, 2020). Effects on these taxa may occur through several impact producing factors (IPFs) that occur during each stage of development and that span multiple spatial and temporal scales (Figure 2; Degraer et al, 2019Degraer et al, , 2020Dannheim et al, 2020;Gill et al, 2020;Hutchison et al, 2020;Mooney et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The potential effects of wind development on marine fisheries resource species (i.e., finfish and shellfish including mollusks and crustaceans), and their habitats have gained major attention because of their ecological and economic importance and because of the implications that these effects may have for fishing communities (Gill et al, 2020;Methratta et al, 2020;Perry and Heyman, 2020). Effects on these taxa may occur through several impact producing factors (IPFs) that occur during each stage of development and that span multiple spatial and temporal scales (Figure 2; Degraer et al, 2019Degraer et al, , 2020Dannheim et al, 2020;Gill et al, 2020;Hutchison et al, 2020;Mooney et al, 2020). Robust methods to detect biological responses to these IPFs are needed in order to inform mitigation practices and fisheries management (Wilding et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distance-Based Sampling Methods for Assessing the Ecological Effects of Offshore Wind Farms: Synthesis and Application to Fisheries Resource Studies

Methratta

2021

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Renewable energy, sustainable seafood, and a healthy marine ecosystem are integral elements of a sustainable blue economy. The rapid global advancement of offshore wind coupled with its potential to affect marine life compels an urgent need for robust methodologies to assess the impacts of this industry on fisheries resource species. Basic Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) and Control-Impact (CI) designs are the most common experimental designs used to study the effects of offshore wind development on fisheries resources. These designs do not account for spatial heterogeneity which presents a challenge because empirical evidence shows that impact gradients occur at wind farms, with larger effect sizes close to turbine foundations that attenuate with increasing distance. Combining the before-after sampling design with distance-based methods could provide a powerful approach for characterizing both the spatial and temporal variance associated with wind development. Toward enhancing future monitoring designs for fisheries resource species at offshore wind farms, this paper aims to: (1) examine distance-based sampling methods that have been or could potentially be used to study impacts on fisheries resources at offshore wind farms including distance-stratified BACI, distance-stratified CI, Before-After-Gradient (BAG), and After-Gradient (AG) methods; (2) synthesize the methods and findings of studies conducted to date that have used distance-based methods to examine ecological impacts of offshore wind development for benthic macroinvertebrates, finfish, birds, and small mammals; (3) examine some of the central methodological elements and issues to consider in developing distance-based impact studies; and (4) offer recommendations for how to incorporate distance-based sampling methods into monitoring plans at offshore wind farms.

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Section: Before-after-control Impact Design: Overview and Application To Offshore Wind Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Selection Of Distance Intervalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distance-Based Sampling Methods for Assessing the Ecological Effects of Offshore Wind Farms: Synthesis and Application to Fisheries Resource Studies

Methratta

2021

Front. Mar. Sci.

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“…We particularly aim to provide lessons learned from European and American studies in the North Atlantic. This article does not examine how the presence of OWFs may exclude fisheries, which is considered to be only a secondary component of the artificial reef effect, and which is covered by Gill et al (2020) in this special issue of Oceanography.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Offshore Wind Farm Artificial Reefs Affect Ecosystem Structure and Functioning: A Synthesis

Degraer¹,

Carey²,

Coolen³

et al. 2020

Oceanog

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107

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Hatchery capacity needed to support large‐scale Atlantic surfclam fishery enhancement

Gilsinan,

Borsetti,

Munroe

et al. 2023

Aquaculture Fish & Fisheries

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Fishery enhancement methods are being explored globally to sustain commercial and recreational fisheries through improving the productivity and management of marine populations impacted by anthropogenic stressors. It is expected that access to important Atlantic surfclam fishing grounds will be limited or lost due to growing overlap with offshore wind energy development. This study explores the economic viability of large‐scale hatchery production to improve fishery access and potentially offset additional costs, reduced revenues and potential job losses associated with the displacement of the fishing fleet. Reports and primary literature were used to understand the growth and survival of Atlantic surfclams in hatchery and nursery settings to calculate the scale of hatchery efforts needed to support one million (1M) bushels of fishery‐sized clams (>120 mm). Data on labour, energy, construction and material inputs and costs for hatchery and nursery production were gathered by analysing available literature and information provided by hatchery managers, researchers and others knowledgeable about shellfish hatchery production. A techno‐economic cost model and Monte Carlo analyses were employed to explore average costs and their variability. This study suggests that 374M–2.1B Atlantic surfclams are needed at the end of the hatchery stage to produce 1M bushels of market‐sized product. Total production costs range from $3.7 to $15.1M, including $2.9–$13.3M in hatchery costs and $800K–$1.9M in nursery costs. Under current market conditions, where Atlantic surfclams regularly sell for $14–$17/bushel, this analysis suggests that hatchery production could be considered a viable fishery enhancement method that supports human access to the fishery, though several additional questions remain.

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Setting the Context for Offshore Wind Development Effects on Fish and Fisheries

Cited by 50 publications

References 47 publications

Distance-Based Sampling Methods for Assessing the Ecological Effects of Offshore Wind Farms: Synthesis and Application to Fisheries Resource Studies

Distance-Based Sampling Methods for Assessing the Ecological Effects of Offshore Wind Farms: Synthesis and Application to Fisheries Resource Studies

Offshore Wind Farm Artificial Reefs Affect Ecosystem Structure and Functioning: A Synthesis

Hatchery capacity needed to support large‐scale Atlantic surfclam fishery enhancement

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