Sessile ciliates with bacterial ectosymbionts from Twin Cays, Belize

Ott, Jörg; Bright, Monika

doi:10.5479/si.00775630.516.1

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Macrozooids, which are covered by a monolayer of symbionts (Bauer‐Nebelsick et al , 1996a), leave the colony as swarmers and survive a maximum of 24 h as motile stages, in which they cover a maximum distance of 400 m before settling (Ott & Bright, 2004). Therefore it is more likely that drifting sulfide sources, such as mangrove tree trunks or other massive macrophyte debris, serve as vessels to explore new distant habitats.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternatively, one cannot rule out the possibility that the symbiont has its own additional way of distribution by co‐occurring in a motile, free‐living population in the water column interacting with the sessile symbiotic population, as suggested for the thiotrophic symbionts of Rimicaris exoculata , a hot vent shrimp from the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (Polz & Cavanaugh, 1995). However, considering the scattered distribution of sulfide sources in the Z. niveum habitat (Ott et al , 1998) and results showing that the swarmers actively find and colonize new sulfide minivents (Pöhn, 2002) within a few 100 m day −1 (Ott & Bright, 2004), it seems rather unlikely that a free‐living population of the bacterial symbiont could keep up with this speed of distribution.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High genetic similarity between two geographically distinct strains of the sulfur-oxidizing symbiont âCandidatus Thiobios zoothamnicoliâ

Schmitz‐Esser¹,

Loy²,

Horn³

et al. 2009

FEMS Microbiology Ecology

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The giant marine ciliate Zoothamnium niveum (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophora) is obligatorily covered by a monolayer of putative chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing (thiotrophic) bacteria. For Z. niveum specimens from the Caribbean Sea it has been demonstrated that this ectosymbiotic population consists of only a single pleomorphic phylotype described as Candidatus Thiobios zoothamnicoli. The goal of our study was to identify and phylogenetically analyse the ectosymbiont(s) of a recently discovered Z. niveum population from the Mediterranean Sea, and to compare marker genes encoding key enzymes of the carbon and sulfur metabolism between the two symbiont populations. We identified a single bacterial phylotype representing the ectosymbiont of Z. niveum from the Mediterranean population showing 99.7% 16S rRNA gene (99.2% intergenic spacer region) similarity to the Caribbean Z. niveum ectosymbiont. Genes encoding enzymes typical for an inorganic carbon metabolism [ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO)] and for sulfur metabolism (5'-adenylylsulfate reductase, dissimilatory sulfite reductase) were detected in both symbiotic populations. The very high amino acid sequence identity (97-100%) and the high nucleic acid sequence identity (90-98%) of these marker enzymes in two geographically distant symbiont populations suggests that the association of Z. niveum with Cand. Thiobios zoothamnicoli is very specific as well as temporally and spatially stable.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High genetic similarity between two geographically distinct strains of the sulfur-oxidizing symbiont âCandidatus Thiobios zoothamnicoliâ

Schmitz‐Esser¹,

Loy²,

Horn³

et al. 2009

FEMS Microbiology Ecology

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“…Results from laboratory microcosms show that interspecific competition can consistently regulate community structure over a broad disturbance gradient, leading to competitive exclusion even at high disturbance intensities where good colonizers are conventionally believed to be in advantage (Violle et al 2010). Although planktivorous filter feeders attach for feeding, daughter cells are released into the plankton and can travel substantial distances (Ott and Bright 2004). Planktivorous filter feeders such as peritrichs and heterotrichs can generate strong feeding currents that are still measurable several hundred micrometres away from the cell Lemmer 2003, Hartmann et al 2007) and prey retention can be very effective (Hartmann et al 2007, Zima-Kulisiewicz andDelgado 2009).…”

Section: Disturbance Can Strongly Alter the Effects Of Warming On Commentioning

confidence: 99%

Disturbance alters the response of consumer communities towards warming: a mesocosm study with biofilm‐dwelling ciliates

et al. 2014

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Citation: Marcus, H., J. K. Wey, H. Norf, and M. Weitere. 2013. Disturbance alters the response of consumer communities towards warming: A mesocosm study with biofilm-dwelling ciliates. Ecosphere 5(1):10. http://dx.Abstract. Environmental warming can have negative effects on the carrying capacity of communities because metabolic rates increase at the expense of biomass. Here, we tested the hypothesis that such warming effects are reversed in communities experiencing disturbance, as temperature-driven growth processes gain relevance and can compensate for negative disturbance effects. Model communities of seminatural, biofilm-dwelling ciliates were cultivated in mesocosms (river bypass systems) under two temperature regimes (ambient temperature and increased by 48C). The interactive effects between these different temperatures and seven disturbance intensities were tested in a nested design. Disturbance generally reduced total ciliate abundances, whereas only small effects on the prevalence of functional diversity were detected. Temperature effects differed between different disturbance intensities and seasons: Whereas warming reduced the carrying capacity of undisturbed communities irrespective of the season, pronounced positive warming effects were detected under disturbance in winter and, to a lesser extent, in spring. Neither significant temperature nor disturbance effects were recorded in summer, probably because ciliate growth rates were not temperature limited due to high summer background temperatures. Our results show that disturbance can markedly alter warming effects on temperature limited communities. Since natural communities commonly face disturbance, it should therefore be considered in models of future environmental warming responses.

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“…These bacteria need both sulfide and oxygen for autotrophic carbon fixation which only coexists in nature in narrow, changing and often unpredictable microzones (Ott and Bright, 2004). …”

Section: Types Of Ciliate Symbiosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Act together—implications of symbioses in aquatic ciliates

Dziallas¹,

Allgaier²,

Monaghan³

et al. 2012

Front. Microbio.

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Mutual interactions in the form of symbioses can increase the fitness of organisms and provide them with the capacity to occupy new ecological niches. The formation of obligate symbioses allows for rapid evolution of new life forms including multitrophic consortia. Microbes are important components of many known endosymbioses and their short generation times and strong potential for genetic exchange may be important drivers of speciation. Hosts provide endo- and ectosymbionts with stable, nutrient-rich environments, and protection from grazers. This is of particular importance in aquatic ecosystems, which are often highly variable, harsh, and nutrient-deficient habitats. It is therefore not surprising that symbioses are widespread in both marine and freshwater environments. Symbioses in aquatic ciliates are good model systems for exploring symbiont-host interactions. Many ciliate species are globally distributed and have been intensively studied in the context of plastid evolution. Their relatively large cell size offers an ideal habitat for numerous microorganisms with different functional traits including commensalism and parasitism. Phagocytosis facilitates the formation of symbiotic relationships, particularly since some ingested microorganisms can escape the digestion. For example, photoautotrophic algae and methanogens represent endosymbionts that greatly extend the biogeochemical functions of their hosts. Consequently, symbiotic relationships between protists and prokaryotes are widespread and often result in new ecological functions of the symbiotic communities. This enables ciliates to thrive under a wide range of environmental conditions including ultraoligotrophic or anoxic habitats. We summarize the current understanding of this exciting research topic to identify the many areas in which knowledge is lacking and to stimulate future research by providing an overview on new methodologies and by formulating a number of emerging questions in this field.

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Sessile ciliates with bacterial ectosymbionts from Twin Cays, Belize

Cited by 11 publications

References 4 publications

High genetic similarity between two geographically distinct strains of the sulfur-oxidizing symbiont âCandidatus Thiobios zoothamnicoliâ

High genetic similarity between two geographically distinct strains of the sulfur-oxidizing symbiont âCandidatus Thiobios zoothamnicoliâ

Disturbance alters the response of consumer communities towards warming: a mesocosm study with biofilm‐dwelling ciliates

Act together—implications of symbioses in aquatic ciliates

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Sessile ciliates with bacterial ectosymbionts from Twin Cays, Belize

Cited by 11 publications

References 4 publications

High genetic similarity between two geographically distinct strains of the sulfur-oxidizing symbiont âCandidatus Thiobios zoothamnicoliâ

High genetic similarity between two geographically distinct strains of the sulfur-oxidizing symbiont âCandidatus Thiobios zoothamnicoliâ

Disturbance alters the response of consumer communities towards warming: a mesocosm study with biofilm‐dwelling ciliates

Act together—implications of symbioses in aquatic ciliates

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Product

Resources

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High genetic similarity between two geographically distinct strains of the sulfur-oxidizing symbiont âCandidatus Thiobios zoothamnicoliâ

High genetic similarity between two geographically distinct strains of the sulfur-oxidizing symbiont âCandidatus Thiobios zoothamnicoliâ