Services traded for intermediate and final usage

Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate and assess the trends of bilateral services trade in the world segmented by trade for final consumption and intermediate usage across several service sectors. The differential trends, if any, are studied while examining the role of free trade agreements which have a chapter on services trade as well as the role of services trade restrictions. The study unravels differences across service sectors in this respect. Design/methodology/approach The author uses an augmented gravity model to address the above using OECD- World Trade Organization (WTO) TiVA data for bilateral trade in intermediates and final products (October 2015 release) and World Bank Services Trade Restrictions Index (STRI). The poisson pseudo maximum likelihood estimation technique is used in light of the structure of the data. Trade creating and diverting effects are identified controlling for time and country-time specific effects. The following sectors are specifically looked at: total business sector services, computer and related services, financial intermediation, post and telecommunication, transport and storage, R&D and other business services, hotels and restaurants, construction, and wholesale and retail trade. Findings First, services free trade agreements (FTAs) have had a trade creating impact with no trade diverting impact for services trade in aggregate with stronger effects on services traded for intermediate usage. Second, financial intermediation and post and telecommunication have been left unaffected by services FTAs. While no trade diversion is concluded for any sector, R&D and other business services, transport and storage and wholesale retail trade show maximum trade creation effects in response to FTAs. Third, trade restrictions of mainly OECD countries are responsible for lowering exports for most sectors. Finally, in terms of policy implications, at a general level, the author does not find a significant difference in the author’s results for services traded for intermediate usage or final consumption except for a stronger effect of FTAs on intermediate services trade. Hence, the policies to foster services trade on both counts are concluded to be the same and deal with behind-the-border policies of domestic industrial policy reforms like national treatment of foreign firms, licensing requirements, FDI policies, etc. Research limitations/implications Statistics for services trade are limited. The data are only available for the years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011. Additionally, the conclusions on services trade restrictions are based on statistics for 2011 alone, since this is the only year for which the statistics are available. A complete time series for the entire sample period would increase robustness of the study with a better time variant version of the trade restrictiveness variable. Finally, in the construction of the OECD-WTO-TiVA database of a world IO table, there may have been approximations in constructing statistics for services traded for intermediate usage and final consumption. The results remain sensitive to the same but this is the best possible statistics available for the purposes. Originality/value This is the first study which looks at services trade segmented by trade for final consumption and intermediate usage taking advantage of the available data for a number of service sectors. The role of restrictions is also studied for the first time segmented by trade in intermediates and final consumption. The stronger effects of FTAs on intermediate services trade as well as financial intermediation and post and telecommunication services being insulated from effects of FTAs are important findings, especially since services are mainly thought to be traded for final consumption. Similar trends of results for services traded for intermediate usage and final consumption and restrictions affecting exports from exporter countries and imports by importer countries highlight the importance of behind-the-border domestic policies in facilitating or inhibiting services trade on both counts and more importantly for intermediate usage which, in turn, would improve goods tradability.

Intangible trade: Understanding the relationship between trade barriers and mode of supply in services sectors

“…Instead, we use an approximation of country‐pair trade costs common to gravity literature: distance, contiguity, common language, and colonial relationship. Since the OECD STRI does not capture bilateral trade agreements between country pairs, we also include dummy variables for services‐specific trade agreements, which have been shown to enhance trade in both intermediate and final services (Mukherjee, 2018), and European Economic Area (EEA) membership. Our baseline empirical specification, estimated separately for each sector, is given in Equation 4:$$$$ {Exports}_{ij t}^s\kern0.5em =\exp \left({\beta}_0+{\beta}_1{Border}_{ij}+{\beta}_2{Border_{ij}}^{\ast }{STRI}_{jt}^s+{Z}_{ij t}+{\eta}_{it}+{\delta}_{jt}\right)+{\varepsilon}_{ij t}^s $$$$In Equation 4, Border equals zero when i = j (within‐country trade), and one when i ≠ j (international trade).…”

“…Instead, we use an approximation of country-pair trade costs common to gravity literature: distance, contiguity, common language, and colonial relationship. Since the OECD STRI does not capture bilateral trade agreements between country pairs, we also include dummy variables for services-specific trade agreements, which have been shown to enhance trade in both intermediate and final services (Mukherjee, 2018), and European Economic Area (EEA) membership. Our baseline empirical specification, estimated separately for each sector, is given in Equation 4:…”