Service restoration of distribution systems under distributed generation scenarios

Distributed Optimal Economic Dispatch Based on Multi-Agent System Framework in Combined Heat and Power Systems

“…The consensus part is associated to row stochastic R which drives λ further adjustment to λ * q . Secondly, according to Equation (8), z qp i (2k) and z q i (2k) in Equation (11b) are used to update the estimated heat power outputs before considering the inequality constraints. Then, according to Equation (9), Equation (11c) defines the projection operators to take account of the inequality constraints, on the basis of the first assumption that x pq i_w_min ≤ x pq i (2k − 1) ≤ x pq i_w_max must be satisfied.…”

“…Compared with the distributed methods [8,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], in CHP system, the relationship between electrical and heat power are coupled, which existed in the objective function caused by the nonzero coefficient ξ i of Equation (1a), and in the feasible operating region of CGAs mathematically represented (9). Thus, the optimal solutions cannot be separately calculated by the power system or heat system.…”

“…However, with the rapid development of the CHP system, centralized method has become the bottleneck of solving CHPEDP and cannot satisfy the requirement of practical applications. To be specific, the centralized methods have to rely on a central controller to communication with all the other system components to collect global information, resulting in great implementation cost and high sensitivity to single-point failures [8][9][10]. Moreover, both the physical and communication topology of the future CHP system are prone to have a huge and variable topology with partially-unknown characteristic, which may seriously degrade the effectiveness of centralized methods.…”

Multi-period service restoration of distribution systems incorporating interruptible load

“…The constraints include branch power flow constraints, nodal voltage constraints and radial configuration constraints. With fast development of smart grids, new considerations have been added into the optimization problem such as demand response and distributed generation . Many algorithms have been applied to solve this problem, such as heuristic algorithms , expert systems , fuzzy logic algorithms and modern optimization techniques .…”

“…In previous research , an optimization procedure incorporating interruptible load has been established. However, the reported research focused on one specific time period and thus did not consider the practical dispatching requirements of interruptible load, such as notification time, as well as interruption interval, duration and capacity constraints.…”