Serum γ-glutamyltransferase level and incidence risk of metabolic syndrome in community dwelling adults: longitudinal findings over 12 years

Abstract

Purpose Although a recent meta-analysis demonstrated a positive association between serum γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), sex differences in the relationship between GGT levels and MetS risk were not fully considered. We prospectively examined the relationship between serum GGT levels and incidence risk of MetS. Methods Data were collected from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) enrolled in 2001–2002. Among 10,030 total participants, 5960 adults (3130 men and 2830 women) aged 40–69 without MetS were included and divided according to sex-specific quartiles of baseline serum GGT levels and followed up biennially until 2014. The hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident MetS were prospectively analyzed using multiple Cox proportional hazards regression analysis models. Results Among 5960 participants, 1215 males (38.8%) and 1263 females (44.6%) developed MetS during 12-year follow up. Higher quartiles of GGT showed significantly higher cumulative incidence of MetS in both sexes (log-rank test P < 0.001). The HRs (95% CIs) for incident type 2 diabetes for the highest quartile versus referent lowest quartile for serum GGT levels were 3.01 (2.35–3.76) for men and 1.83 (1.30–2.57) for women after adjusting for age, smoking status, daily alcohol intake (g/day), regular exercise, family history of diabetes, and log-transformed LDL-cholesterol, creatinine, and aminotransferase levels. Conclusion In conclusion, high levels of GGT were found to be associated with increased risk of Mets in both men and women and the positive associations were stronger in men than in women.

Ketosis Suppression and Ageing (KetoSAge): The Effects of Suppressing Ketosis in Long Term Keto-Adapted Non-Athletic Females

“…High levels of GGT have been found to be associated with increased risk of MetS and impaired fasting glucose [78,81,82]. Our participants' GGT levels in ketosis (P1 and P3) and SuK (P2) were within standard reference ranges.…”

“…It is recognised that GGT is a diagnostic marker for many diseases in humans, including a fatty liver, T2DM, MetS, and AD, which are typified by hyperinsulinaemia [75][76][77]. In our study, SuK (P2) resulted in a significant increase in GGT levels, an enzyme associated with oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, and insulin resistance [78,79]. Furthermore, GGT participates in the direct generation of ROS via a glutathione (GSH)/transferrin system, where, in the presence of molecular oxygen and iron/copper ions from transferrin and in the presence of cysteinylglycine (a product of GGT/GSH reaction) results in a paradoxical generation of ROS.…”

Gamma-glutamyl transferase to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is a more powerful marker than TyG index for predicting metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is a common marker of liver dysfunction. Numerous studies have demonstrated that GGT is a predictive biomarker for MetS and that the risk of MetS increases with increasing GGT levels (19)(20)(21). In addition, The Framingham Heart Study has shown that GGT is positively associated with BMI, blood pressure, triglycerides and glucose (22).…”

Influência de polimorfismos no gene MTTP nos níveis de lipídeos e na esteatose associada à infecção crônica pelo vírus da hepatite C

“…A elevação dos níveis de GGT está associada ao aumento de doenças vasculares, síndrome metabólica, diabetes, câncer, doença renal crônica, fraturas, demência e mortalidade (Kunutsor, 2016). Recentemente, níveis séricos elevados de GGT foram associados a um risco aumentado de síndrome metabólica avaliado entre 5.960 adultos coreanos (Kwak;Seo;Lee, 2023) e, também, foram associados a um risco aumentado de diabetes (Li et al, 2022). Bacinschi et al (2022) avaliaram pacientes com hepatite C crônica e observaram níveis elevados de GGT em pacientes com alteração no metabolismo da glicose (Bacinschi et al, 2022).…”