Serum Trimethylamine N-oxide, Carnitine, Choline, and Betaine in Relation to Colorectal Cancer Risk in the Alpha Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study

Guertin, Kristin A.; Li, Xinmin S.; Graubard, Barry I.; Albanês, Demetrius; Weinstein, Stephanie J.; Goedert, James J.; Wang, Zeneng; Hazen, Stanley L.; Sinha, Rashmi

doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0948

Cited by 78 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…14 Prospective studies have reported that a high level of circulating choline is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. 15,16 Phosphatidylcholines can also be synthesized in the liver via the phosphatidylethanolamine methylation pathways. 14,17 Phosphatidylethanolamines are derived from cytidine diphosphate ethanolamines, which are downstream derivatives of ethanolamine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective study of blood metabolites associated with colorectal cancer risk

Shu

Xiang

Rothman

et al. 2018

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Few prospective studies, and none in Asians, have systematically evaluated the relationship between blood metabolites and colorectal cancer risk. We conducted a nested case-control study to search for risk-associated metabolite biomarkers for colorectal cancer in an Asian population using blood samples collected prior to cancer diagnosis. Conditional logistic regression was performed to assess associations of metabolites with cancer risk. In this study, we included 250 incident cases with colorectal cancer and individually matched controls nested within two prospective Shanghai cohorts. We found 35 metabolites associated with risk of colorectal cancer after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Among them, 12 metabolites were glycerophospholipids including nine associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer and three with increased risk [odds ratios per standard deviation increase of transformed metabolites: 0.31-1.98; p values: 0.002-1.25 × 10 ]. The other 23 metabolites associated with colorectal cancer risk included nine lipids other than glycerophospholipid, seven aromatic compounds, five organic acids and four other organic compounds. After mutual adjustment, nine metabolites remained statistically significant for colorectal cancer. Together, these independently associated metabolites can separate cancer cases from controls with an area under the curve of 0.76 for colorectal cancer. We have identified that dysregulation of glycerophospholipids may contribute to risk of colorectal cancer.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospective study of blood metabolites associated with colorectal cancer risk

Shu

Xiang

Rothman

et al. 2018

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…The relationship between serum concentrations of TMAO and its precursors (choline, carnitine and betaine) and incident colorectal cancer risk was also investigated in a nested case–control study of male smokers in the Alpha‐Tocopherol, Beta‐Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study (Guertin et al., ). Men with higher serum choline at baseline had approximately threefold greater risk of developing colorectal cancer over the ensuing 14 ± 10 years while the association between serum TMAO, carnitine or betaine and colorectal cancer risk was not statistically significant.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of betaine as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 258/97

Products¹,

Turck²,

Bresson³

et al. 2017

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on betaine as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 258/97. The information provided on the composition, the specifications, the batch-to-batch variability, stability and production process of the NF is sufficient and does not raise concerns about the safety of the NF. The NF is proposed to be used in foods intended to meet additional requirements for intense muscular effort with a maximum intake of 2.5 g/day of betaine for sports people above 10 years of age. Based on the lowest BMDL 05 , which was derived from a chronic toxicity study in rats in which a dose-related increase in platelet counts was observed, and the anticipated daily intake of the NF in the target population, the Margins of Exposure are 3.6 and 5, which are generally regarded as not sufficient. However, the total exposure to betaine from the diet (about 830 mg/day) is not known to be associated with adverse effects. Moreover, no adverse effects on platelet counts were noted in human intervention studies with exposure levels of 4 g/day of betaine for up to 6 months. A significant increase in total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations was noted at intakes of 4 g/day of betaine in overweight subjects with metabolic syndrome but not in healthy subjects, nor at intakes of 3 g/day. Thus, considering 4 g/day of betaine as a reference point and applying an uncertainty factor of 10 to account for interindividual variability, an amount of 400 mg/day of betaine in addition to the background exposure is considered as safe. The Panel considers that the NF is safe to be used at maximum intake of 400 mg/day in the target population.

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“…H 2 O 2 ‐induced oxidative cellular damage of K562 cells could be prevented when treated with BC (Akçakaya, Tok, Dal, Cinar, & Nurten, 2017). BC is known to prevent the cardiovascular diseases and various cancers in human (Guertin et al, 2017; Voutilainen, Nurmi, Mursu, & Rissanen, 2006). BC is soluble in fats but insoluble in aqueous medium and its solubility in oil is inversely proportional with fatty acid length (Borel et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of β‐carotene loaded nanoemulsion using the industrial waste of orange (Citrus reticulate) peel to improve in vitro bioaccessibility of carotenoids and use as natural food colorant

Barman

Chowdhury

Baruah

2020

J Food Process Preserv

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Converting waste to valuable products is increasingly getting attention in recent years. After extraction of juice in many fruits, the peel goes as waste. Herein, we have used orange (Citrus reticulate) peel waste to extract β‐carotene. The extracted β‐carotene was used to develop a stable nanoemulsion (NE) using a VXX750 ultrasonic homogenizer (Sonics & Materials, USA) to use as a natural colorant in food products. The droplet size and surface charge of developed NE were 143.7 nm and −38.2 mV. The addition of NE to the fruit juice significantly enhances its color, thus providing an alternative to the use of synthetic color. The NE further increases the β‐carotene bioaccessibility and also retinol activity equivalent (RAE) in the fruit juice. Analysis of the Citrus reticulata peel extract was done using UV–Vis spectrophotometer and HPLC. The quantity of β‐carotene extracted from Citrus reticulata peel was 23.57 μg/gm and total carotenoid content was 27.61 μg/gm. Practical applications Generating value added products from waste is the need of the hr for sustainable development and lowering environmental pollution caused by dumping the food waste. We have developed a β‐carotene loaded NE from the waste of orange peel to act as natural food color as well as to increase the bioaccessibility of β‐carotene increasing the nutritional value of the juice. After addition of the nanoemulsion, bioaccessibility of β‐carotene and retinol activity equivalents (RAE) significantly increased. We have further used it as natural food colorant providing alternative to the synthetic food color.

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Serum Trimethylamine N-oxide, Carnitine, Choline, and Betaine in Relation to Colorectal Cancer Risk in the Alpha Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study

Cited by 78 publications

References 36 publications

Prospective study of blood metabolites associated with colorectal cancer risk

Prospective study of blood metabolites associated with colorectal cancer risk

Safety of betaine as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 258/97

Development of β‐carotene loaded nanoemulsion using the industrial waste of orange (Citrus reticulate) peel to improve in vitro bioaccessibility of carotenoids and use as natural food colorant

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