Serum total thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and thyrotropin concentrations in dogs with nonthyroidal disease

Kantrowitz, Lawrence; Peterson, Mark E.; Melián, Carlos; Nichols, Rhett

doi:10.2460/javma.2001.219.765

Cited by 119 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…20 In our study, FT4 levels were significantly lower before treatment than control group. FT4 levels were below normal values and TSH levels were normal or over normal limits in 35.7% of patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

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The effects of iron deficiency anemia on the thyroid functions

Gökdeniz

Demir²,

Dılek³

2010

J Clin Exp Invest

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ÖZETAmaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı demir eksikliği anemisinin tiroid fonksiyonları üzerine etkisi ve demir tedavisi sonrası değişiklikleri belirlemektir. Gereç ve yöntem:Bu çalışma, 42 hasta ve 38 sağlıklı birey ile yapıldı. Demir eksikliği anemisi tanısı serum ferritin ve tam kan sayımı yapılarak kondu. Hasta grubunda tedavi öncesi ve iki aylık tedavi sonunda ve kontrol grubunda ise 12 saat açlıktan sonra kan örnekleri alınarak serbest triiyodotironin (ST3), serbest tiroksin (ST4), total triiyodotironin (TT3), total tiroksin (TT4), tiroid stimule edici hormon (TSH) ve kortizol değerleri çalışıldı. Bulgular:Hasta grubunda demir tedavisi öncesi, olguların %35.7'sinde sekonder ve %16.6'sında subklinik hipotiroidi bulundu. Hasta grubunda tedavi öncesi, TSH düzeyi kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı düzeyde yüksekti (p=0.001). ST3 düzeyleri hasta ve kontrol grupları arasında farklı değildi (p>0.05). Tedavi öncesi ST4 düzeyleri, kontrol grubuna göre, anlamlı düşüktü (p<0.001). ST4 düzeyleri tedavi sonrasında anlamlı şekilde yükseldi (p=0.001). Hasta grubunda demir tedavisi öncesi anlamlı şekilde yüksek olan kortizol düzeyinin tedavi sonrasında anlamlı olarak düştüğü belirlendi (p<0.001). 156-160Anahtar kelimeler: Demir eksikliği, anemi, tiroid fonksiyonları, sekonder ve subklinik hipotiroidi, demir tedavisi ABSTRACT Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of iron deficiency anemia and iron treatment on the thyroid functions. Materials and methods:In this study, 42 patients and 38 healthy individuals were studied. Iron deficiency anemia was diagnosed by measurement of serum ferritin and complete blood counts. Free Triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), total triiodothyronine, total thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and cortisol levels were measured in blood samples before treatment and after two months of treatment with iron in patients group and after 12 hours of starvation in healthy controls.Results: Before iron treatment, secondary hypothyroidism (35.7%) and subclinical hypothyroidism (16.6%) were found in patient group. Before the treatment TSH levels in the patient group were higher than the control group (p=0.001). FT3 values were not different between patient and the control groups (p>0.05). Before the treatment FT4 levels were significantly lower than the control group (p<0.001) and FT4 values significantly increased after treatment (p=0.001). Cortisol levels before treatment were significantly higher than the control group (p=0.001). Cortisol levels were significantly decreased after iron treatment in the patient group (p<0.001).Conclusions: Secondary and subclinical hypothyroidism were found in iron deficiency anemia. Hormonal changes returned to normal values with iron supplementation. J Clin Exp Invest 2010; 1(3): 156-160

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…20,21 Kokei et al found normal FT4 and higher TSH levels in animals with non-thyroidal diseases. 22 In our study, secondary and subclinical hypothyroidism was determined in a significant portion of our patients (52%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of iron deficiency anemia on the thyroid functions

Gökdeniz

Demir²,

Dılek³

2010

J Clin Exp Invest

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“…[17][18][19][20] Decreased serum T 4 concentration has also been documented in humans with both anesthesia and surgery. 4,5,8,10,11,21 Severity of surgical trauma and postoperative complications are important determinants of alterations in serum T 4 concentrations, with decreased serum T 4 concentrations seen in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, 11,21 and in patients with more postoperative complications.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Isoflurane General Anesthesia or Anesthesia and Surgery on Thyroid Function Tests in Dogs

Wood

Panciera

Berry

et al. 2008

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

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Background: Anesthesia and surgery affect thyroid function tests in humans but have not been studied in dogs. Hypothesis: Anesthesia and anesthesia with surgery will affect thyroid function tests in dogs. Animals: Fifteen euthyroid dogs. Methods: Prospective, controlled, interventional study. Dogs were assigned to one of 3 groups: control, general anesthesia, and general anesthesia plus abdominal exploratory surgery. Dogs in the anesthesia and surgery groups were premedicated with acepromazine and morphine, induced with propofol, and maintained on isoflurane. Samples for measurement of serum thyroxine (T 4 ), free T 4 (fT 4 ) by equilibrium dialysis, triiodothyronine (T 3 ), reverse T 3 (rT 3 ), and thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations were collected from each dog immediately before premedication, at multiple times during anesthesia, surgery, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after anesthesia, once daily for an additional 5 days, and once 14 days after anesthesia. Sampling was performed at identical times in the control group.Results: Serum T 4 decreased significantly from baseline in the surgery and anesthesia groups compared with the control group at 0.33 (P 5 0.043) and 1 hour (P 5 0.018), and 2 (P 5 0.031) and 4 hours (P 5 0.037), respectively, then increased significantly in the surgery group compared with the control group at 24 hours (P 5 0.005). Serum T 3 decreased significantly from baseline in the anesthesia group compared with the control group at 1 hour (P 5 0.034). Serum rT 3 increased significantly from baseline in the surgery group compared with the control and anesthesia groups at 8 (P 5 0.026) and 24 hours (P 5 0.0001) and anesthesia group at 8, 12, 24, and 36 hours (P 5 0.004, P 5 0.016, P 5 0.004, and P 5 0.014, respectively). Serum fT 4 increased significantly from baseline in the surgery group compared to the control at 24 hours (P 5 0.006) and at day 7 (P 5 0.037) and anesthesia group at 48 hours (P 5 0.023).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Surgery and anesthesia have a significant effect on thyroid function tests in dogs.

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“…The mean age of the euthyroid dogs with NTI was 6.2 years (range, 0.9-16.0 years); 16 dogs were female or spayed female and 19 were male or castrated male; and mean body weight was 34 kg (range, 22-48 kg). Clinical signs and abnormalities identified on physical examination included obesity (10 dogs), weakness (8), dermatitis (8), chronic otitis externa (8), lethargy (4), endocrine alopecia (3), stridor (3), hyperpigmentation (2), regurgitation (2), Horner's syndrome (2), seborrhea (1), and change in bark (1). Disorders included obesity (10 dogs), allergic dermatitis (flea, inhalant, or food; 8), weakness caused by neuropathy (8), otitis externa (8), cricopharyngeal dysmotility (4), laryngeal paralysis (3), and Horner's syndrome (2).…”

Section: Dogsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Thyroid Gland in Healthy, Hypothyroid, and Euthyroid Golden Retrievers with Nonthyroidal Illness

Brömel

Pollard

Kass

et al. 2005

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Ultrasound evaluation of the thyroid gland was performed in healthy, hypothyroid, and euthyroid Golden Retriever dogs with nonthyroidal illness (NTI) to determine the diagnostic usefulness of ultrasound for differentiating between euthyroid and hypothyroid dogs. Thirty-six healthy, 11 hypothyroid, and 35 euthyroid dogs with NTI were evaluated. Each thyroid lobe was examined ultrasonographically for size, shape, echogenicity, and homogeneity. Thyroid lobe volume was estimated by using the equation for an ellipsoid: /6(length ϫ height ϫ width). No differences were found between healthy dogs and euthyroid dogs with NTI. In the majority of euthyroid dogs, the thyroid lobes were fusiform and triangular in shape in longitudinal and transverse planes, respectively. The thyroid capsule appeared smooth. The thyroid parenchyma had a homogeneous echogenic pattern and usually was hyperechoic or isoechoic compared with the surrounding musculature. Ultrasound findings in hypothyroid dogs were more variable, including a greater frequency of round to oval-shaped thyroid lobes in the transverse imaging plane (P Ͻ .05), hypoechogenicity of the thyroid parenchyma compared with surrounding musculature (P Ͻ .001), and a decrease in the size and volume of the thyroid lobes and total volume of the thyroid gland (P Ͻ .05) compared with euthyroid dogs. Other findings in hypothyroid dogs included an irregular surface to the thyroid capsule, a heterogeneous pattern to the thyroid parenchyma, and differences in the echogenic pattern between the left and right thyroid lobes. Results suggest that determination of thyroid size and volume by ultrasound may be a useful adjunctive test for differentiating between hypothyroid and euthyroid dogs with NTI.

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Serum total thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, and thyrotropin concentrations in dogs with nonthyroidal disease

Abstract: Results indicate that serum total T4, free T4, and total T3 concentrations may be low (ie, in the hypothyroid range) in dogs with moderate to severe nonthyroidal disease. Serum TSH concentrations are more likely to remain within the reference range in sick dogs.

Cited by 119 publications

References 16 publications

The effects of iron deficiency anemia on the thyroid functions

The effects of iron deficiency anemia on the thyroid functions

Influence of Isoflurane General Anesthesia or Anesthesia and Surgery on Thyroid Function Tests in Dogs

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Thyroid Gland in Healthy, Hypothyroid, and Euthyroid Golden Retrievers with Nonthyroidal Illness

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