Serum time course of two brain-specific proteins, α1 brain globulin and neuron-specific enolase, in tick-born encephalitis and Lyme disease

Чехонин, В. П.; Zhirkov, Yury A; Belyaeva, I. А.; Ryabukhin, I. A.; Gurina, O. I.; Dmitriyeva, T B

doi:10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00057-8

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Unlike WNV encephalitis [22], a similar pattern in BBB breakdown was observed in BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice. In human patients with the severe form of TBE, BBB breakdown has been suggested based on the increased level of neurospecific proteins, such as α-1 brain globulin or neuron-specific enolase, in serum [18], [19]. However, our study is the first to demonstrate BBB breakdown during TBEV infection experimentally.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…However, in fatal TBE cases, TBEV antigens were not detectable in endothelial cells from brain sections. In patients with a severe form of TBE, neurospecific proteins such as α-1 brain globulin or neuron-specific enolase were elevated in serum, indicating BBB breakdown [18], [19]. However, despite this finding, dysfunction of the BBB has not been extensively studied in TBE so far.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breakdown of the Blood-Brain Barrier during Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Mice Is Not Dependent on CD8+ T-Cells

et al. 2011

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Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus causes severe encephalitis with serious sequelae in humans. The disease is characterized by fever and debilitating encephalitis that can progress to chronic illness or fatal infection. In this study, changes in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in two susceptible animal models (BALB/c, and C57Bl/6 mice) infected with TBE virus were investigated at various days after infection by measuring fluorescence in brain homogenates after intraperitoneal injection of sodium fluorescein, a compound that is normally excluded from the central nervous system. We demonstrate here that TBE virus infection, in addition to causing fatal encephalitis in mice, induces considerable breakdown of the BBB. The permeability of the BBB increased at later stages of TBE infection when high virus load was present in the brain (i.e., BBB breakdown was not necessary for TBE virus entry into the brain), and at the onset of the first severe clinical symptoms of the disease, which included neurological signs associated with sharp declines in body weight and temperature. The increased BBB permeability was in association with dramatic upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine mRNA expression in the brain. Breakdown of the BBB was also observed in mice deficient in CD8+ T-cells, indicating that these cells are not necessary for the increase in BBB permeability that occurs during TBE. These novel findings are highly relevant to the development of future therapies designed to control this important human infectious disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breakdown of the Blood-Brain Barrier during Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Mice Is Not Dependent on CD8+ T-Cells

et al. 2011

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“…Pathogens are nevertheless able to bypass the BBB through a variety of mechanisms. Among these are paracellular and transcellular entry, as well as 'Trojan horse' entry [86], retrograde axonal transport [87], and via infection of the olfactory bulb [88,89]. Flaviviruses are thought to primarily enter the CNS via a hematogenous route of spread by utilizing paracellular and transcellular entry to gain access to the CNS, although more studies in this area are needed.…”

Section: Trafficking To and Across The Blood-brain Barrier Into The Cnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

T Cells in Tick-Borne Flavivirus Encephalitis: A Review of Current Paradigms in Protection and Disease Pathology

Stone

Pinto

2023

Viruses

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The family Flaviviridae is comprised of a diverse group of arthropod-borne viruses that are the etiological agents of globally relevant diseases in humans. Among these, infection with several of these flaviviruses—including West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), and Powassan virus (POWV)—can result in neuroinvasive disease presenting as meningitis or encephalitis. Factors contributing to the development and resolution of tick-borne flavivirus (TBEV, POWV) infection and neuropathology remain unclear, though many recently undertaken studies have described the virus–host interactions underlying encephalitic disease. With access to neural tissues despite the selectively permeable blood–brain barrier, T cells have emerged as one notable contributor to neuroinflammation. The goal of this review is to summarize the recent advances in tick-borne flavivirus immunology—particularly with respect to T cells—as it pertains to the development of encephalitis. We found that although T cell responses are rarely evaluated in a clinical setting, they are integral in conjunction with antibody responses to restricting the entry of TBFV into the CNS. The extent and means by which they can drive immune pathology, however, merits further study. Understanding the role of the T cell compartment in tick-borne flavivirus encephalitis is instrumental for improving vaccine safety and efficacy, and has implications for treatments and interventions for human disease.

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“…Platelet depletion required [99] Neuron specific enolase § 1.5-24h 2h 3m 3d 2d Heparin used for stabilization; increase due to platelets; serum will give higher values relative to plasma [78,100,101] [77]) -NOT recommended that block or reverse the function of the added anticoagulant. For example, fibrinogen interference has been observed in heterogenous immunoassays when plasma was applied.…”

Section: Plasmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of preanalytical variables on peptide and protein measurements in human serum and plasma: implications for clinical proteomics

Alex¹,

Vitzthum²

2006

Expert Review of Proteomics

106

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There is a wealth of knowledge in the field of in vitro diagnostics with regard to preanalytical variables and their impact on the determination of peptide and protein analytes in human serum and plasma. This information is applicable to clinical proteomics investigations, which utilize the same sample types. Studies have demonstrated that the majority of variations and errors in in vitro diagnostics seem to occur in the preanalytical phase prior to specimen analysis. Preanalytical processes include study design, compliance of the subjects investigated, compliance of the technical staff in adherence to protocols, choice of specimens utilized and sample collection and processing. These variables can have a dramatic impact on the determination of analytes and can affect result outcomes, reproducibility and the validity of investigations. By drawing analogies to in vitro diagnostics practices, specific variables that are likely to impact the results of proteomics studies can be identified. Recognition of such variables is the first step towards their understanding and, eventually, controlling their impact. In this article, we will review preanalytical variables, provide examples for their effects on the determination of distinct peptides and proteins and discuss potential implications for clinical proteomics investigations.

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Serum time course of two brain-specific proteins, α1 brain globulin and neuron-specific enolase, in tick-born encephalitis and Lyme disease

Cited by 8 publications

References 11 publications

Breakdown of the Blood-Brain Barrier during Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Mice Is Not Dependent on CD8+ T-Cells

Breakdown of the Blood-Brain Barrier during Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Mice Is Not Dependent on CD8+ T-Cells

T Cells in Tick-Borne Flavivirus Encephalitis: A Review of Current Paradigms in Protection and Disease Pathology

Effects of preanalytical variables on peptide and protein measurements in human serum and plasma: implications for clinical proteomics

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