Serum testosterone and electroencephalography spectra in developmental male rhesus Macaca mulatta monkeys

Effect of age on electrical nerve conduction in the somatosensory pathway and its correlation with somatometry and plasma concentrations of musculoskeletal enzymes in male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) held in captivity

“…Research using these subjects indicates that their sensorial and motor systems are exceedingly complex, especially at the level of cortical processing. 34,35 For example, processing at the cortical level in macaque monkeys involves 30-40 areas that are predominantly visual, [15][16][17][18][19][20] auditory areas, 15-20 somatosensory areas, and 10 or more motor areas. 34 The somatosensory system of mammals permits inferences regarding the physical properties of the exterior world based on information supplied by receptors that respond to such stimuli as touch and vibration, body movement, temperature, and pain.…”

“…This integration involves not only peripheral reflex pathways, but also occurs at multiple levels of the CNS . Evoked potentials (EPs) is a monitoring method that records cortical responses to peripheral sensorial stimuli and so provides detailed measurements of the evolution of sensorial processing in neural time, thus allowing procurement of objective, functional data on specific neural structures . However, age, myelinating processes, and the length of fibers in peripheral nerves are other important factors that determine EP latencies.…”

“…18 Evoked potentials (EPs) is a monitoring method that records cortical responses to peripheral sensorial stimuli and so provides detailed measurements of the evolution of sensorial processing in neural time, thus allowing procurement of objective, functional data on specific neural structures. [19][20][21][22] However, age, myelinating processes, and the length of fibers in peripheral nerves are other important factors that determine EP latencies. In this context, it is evident that most studies in this field have used young animals, but this makes it difficult to correctly standardize the model.…”

“…In this context, it is evident that most studies in this field have used young animals, but this makes it difficult to correctly standardize the model. 10,18,19,[22][23][24][25] References to the use of blood samples to measure musculoskeletal enzymes in rhesus monkeys cite various factors that can affect the viability of findings. These include age, sex, type of confinement, alimentation, state of health, and the effects of the different drugs that may be applied during chemical containment, as well as seasonal and geographic variations.…”

Electroencephalographic changes and testosterone levels in a pubertal stress animal model: effects on adult sexual motivation

“…Those rats also presented alterations in aromatase activity (Di Prisco, Lucarini, & Dessi-Fulgheri, 1978), which aromatizes T into estradiol (Moralí, Larsson, & Beyer, 1977;Muller, Van Den Beld, Van Der Schouw, Grobbe, & Lamberts, 2006) and activates sexual motivation. These hormones produce non-genomic effects in the neuronal membrane that modulates the electrical activity of neurons in several brain areas (del Río-Portilla, Ugalde, Juárez, Roldán, & Corsi-Cabrera, 1997;Joëls, 1997;Poblano et al, 2004;Balthazart, Baillien, Cornil, & Ball, 2004), including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the basolateral amygdala (BLA), two cerebral structures that have androgen (Naghdi, Oryan, & Etemadi, 2003;Nuñez, Huppenbauer, McAbee, Juraska, & DonCarlos, 2003), estrogen (Montague et al, 2009;Lonc, 2012), and glucocorticoid (Pryce, 2008) receptors. The BLA has strong connections with the mPFC, especially layers II and V, in rodents (Cunningham, Bhattacharyya, & Benes, 2002).…”