Serum sodium and chloride are inversely associated with dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease patients

Abstract

ObjectiveWe aim to report and evaluate the associations between serum sodium and chloride and dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease. One hundred and two patients with Parkinson's disease were enrolled in this study.MethodsPatients’ serum electrolytes including sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride were measured. Other demographic information was collected, and Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale and Hoehn and Yahr stage scale were also performed.ResultsPatients with dyskinesia tended to have longer duration of disease, higher daily levodopa‐equivalent dose, and Hoehn–Yahr stage, with lower serum sodium than those without dyskinesia. Spearman correlation analyses showed that serum sodium inversely correlated with duration of disease (r = −.218, p = .028), and positively correlated with serum chloride levels (r = .565, p < .001). Univariate logistic regression analysis found that duration of disease, daily levodopa‐equivalent dose, serum sodium, and serum chloride were associated with dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease patients (p < .05 for all). After adjusting for age, sex, age at onset of Parkinson's disease, medical history, and other covariates, serum sodium and chloride were still associated with dyskinesia, with corresponding Odd ratios 0.783 (95% confidence intervals, 0.642–0.955) and 0.796 (95% confidence intervals, 0.652–0.972), respectively.ConclusionOur findings indicated that serum sodium and chloride levels were inversely associated with dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease. Further studies with large samples and range of serum sodium and chloride are needed.

Overexpression of human alpha-Synuclein leads to dysregulated microbiome/metabolites with ageing in a rat model of Parkinson disease

“…This is in agreement with a recent study, as increased salt intake reduced the Lactobacillus in mice model 62 . Furthermore, serum sodium levels are inversely associated with dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease patients as lower levels of serum sodium are more likely to have dyskinesia 63 . Nevertheless, further understanding the physiology of ion channels and the gut microbiome would be helpful to understand gut-related onset of PD pathology.…”

Relationship between Hyponatremia and Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Diabetes

“…Early studies with small sample populations showed a highly significant relationship between serum sodium and NCV [11]. Low extracellular sodium had an adverse effect on nerve cells, such as osmotic demyelination [12], and was associated with dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson's [13]. In addition, excessive sodium intake highly correlated with macular edema in patients with type 1 diabetes [14].…”

“…Osmotic edema can also increase neuronal excitability through the activation of N-methyl-daspartate receptors [34], which may accelerate the development of dyskinesia [35]. Another study clarified that the serum sodium level was inversely associated with dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease [13]. Currently, no studies correlating the serum sodium level with DPN in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are available.…”

Facile Electrochemical Microbiosensor Based on In Situ Self-Assembly of Ag Nanoparticles Coated on Ti3C2Tx for In Vivo Measurements of Chloride Ions in the PD Mouse Brain

“…It has been reported that the death of dopaminergic neurons might be closely related to the hypochlorite-dependent conversionmediated oxidative stress process. 4 As a consequence, quantitative investigations in terms of the correlation of cerebral Cl − concentrations with the progress of PD are highly desirable for better studying the specific pathogenesis of this disease. In this case, developing a facile and accurate platform for in vivo measurement of cerebral Cl − is really urgent.…”

“…Chloride ion (Cl – ) plays a vital role in maintaining the normal physiological functions of the human body, and there is accumulating evidence indicating that the dysregulation of Cl – levels is implicated in some psychiatric and neurological disorders. − As the second-most encountered neurodegenerative disease, Parkinson’s disease (PD) is mainly featured with increased death of dopaminergic neurons. It has been reported that the death of dopaminergic neurons might be closely related to the hypochlorite-dependent conversion-mediated oxidative stress process . As a consequence, quantitative investigations in terms of the correlation of cerebral Cl – concentrations with the progress of PD are highly desirable for better studying the specific pathogenesis of this disease.…”