Serum Metabolomic Profiling of Piglets Infected with Virulent Classical Swine Fever Virus

Abstract

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious swine infectious disease and causes significant economic losses for the pig industry worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine whether small molecule metabolites contribute to the pathogenesis of CSF. Birefly, serum metabolomics of CSFV Shimen strain-infected piglets were analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-Q-TOF/MS) in combination with multivariate statistical analysis. In CSFV-infected piglets at days 3 and 7 post-infection changes were found in metabolites associated with several key metabolic pathways, including tryptophan catabolism and the kynurenine pathway, phenylalanine metabolism, fatty acid and lipid metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid and urea cycles, branched-chain amino acid metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. Several pathways involved in energy metabolism including fatty acid biosynthesis and β-oxidation, branched-chain amino acid metabolism, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were significantly inhibited. Changes were also observed in several metabolites exclusively associated with gut microbiota. The metabolomic profiles indicate that CSFV-host gut microbiome interactions play a role in the development of CSF.

LDHB inhibition induces mitophagy and facilitates the progression of CSFV infection

“…Meanwhile, lactate participates in mitochondrial oxidative activity in cultured CHO cells and that LDHB localizes to the mitochondria [25,26]. We and other researchers have found that CSFV infection promoted lactate release and inhibits pyruvate release [38,39]. Based on these results, we hypothesized that LDHB may also elicit an effect on mitophagy.…”

Plasma lipid profiles discriminate bacterial from viral infection in febrile children

“…Gong et al . demonstrated that cholesterol sulfate was elevated in the serum of piglets infected with swine fever virus 34 . Taken together, these observations indicate that this compound could be a marker of viral infection.…”

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Serum from Pigs Experimentally Infected with Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi, and Trichinella pseudospiralis

“…Serum contains thousands of proteins produced and released by cells and tissues, and, as a complex biological matrix, it reflects the general health status of the individual. Changes in the serum proteomic pattern were frequently observed during various pathophysiological abnormalities, such as viral, bacterial, or parasitic diseases, in certain food animal species, including pigs [20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Therefore, farm animal serum proteomics has been developed in order to gain a deeper and more complete insight into the pathomechanism of these health disorders and to find potential biomarkers characteristic of their particular stages.…”

“…Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) has been used to create reference serum proteomic maps for both healthy adult pigs [17] and growing piglets [18,19]. Furthermore, various proteomic tools such as surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI TOF-MS); two-dimensional and two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2-DE/2D-DIGE) followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS); or liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) have also been applied to evaluate serum proteomic profiles of (1) pigs with acute liver failure [20]; (2) pigs exposed to stress factors, such as insufficient space [21]; (3) pigs suffering from low-dose LPS-induced inflammation [22]; and (4) pigs experimentally or naturally infected with classical swine fever virus [23,24], food-and-mouth disease virus [25] or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus [26]. However, the vast majority of Trichinella and trichinellosis proteomic studies focus on the immunoproteomic approach, in which immunoreactive proteins from various life stages and different parts or organs of the parasite are subjected to in-depth proteomic analysis [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34].…”