Serum Levels of IL-2, IL-1α, TNF-α, and Soluble Receptor of IL-2 in HIV-1-Infected Patients

Abstract

Serum levels of the interleukins (IL-1 alpha, IL-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and soluble receptor of IL-2 (sIL-2R) were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 12 normal healthy controls and 52 HIV-1 seropositive patients. Results indicated that: (1) sIL-2R levels were significantly increased in most HIV-1 seropositive patients. This increase appeared to be correlated with low CD4 cell counts and with the presence of detectable levels of p25 antigen. Furthermore, initially high levels of sIL-2R appeared to be correlated with progression of disease. (2) IL-2 levels were found to be increased in about 43% of asymptomatic carriers (ASY) and subjects with lymphoadenopathy-associated syndrome (LAS) compared with 12% in the case of AIDS-related complex (ARC) and AIDS patients. (3) There was a positive correlation between serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha in nearly all patients. Detectable levels of both cytokines were found in 34% of ASY and LAS patients and only rarely were detectable in ARC and AIDS patients. (4) Sixteen patients in whom progression of disease was observed were studied initially and at the moment they upstaged. No significant modification of serum levels of the three cytokines and sIL-2R studied could be evidenced. It was concluded that sIL-2R could be a useful marker of disease activity and progression, though a prospective study is necessary. For IL-2, IL-1 alpha, and TNF-alpha, this study indicated the presence of variable alterations in serum levels in HIV-1-infected patients.

Displacement of SATB1-Bound Histone Deacetylase 1 Corepressor by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transactivator Induces Expression of Interleukin-2 and Its Receptor in T Cells

“…However, in studies where the expression of IL-2 and its receptor have been shown to be downregulated by Tat, stable expression of Tat was employed (36,37). Lymphocytes from HIV-1 infected patients are known to express increased amounts of IL-2 and IL-2R␣ (18,43). We therefore argued that the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon could not be elucidated using only Tat-transfected T cells.…”

HIV-1 promoter activation following an oxidative stress mediated by singlet oxygen

“…Factors triggering HIV-1 reactivation are those, such as cytokines, which achieve the increase in regulatory factors over a certain critical level to promote viral gene expression. Because inflammatory cytokines [24] and hydrogen peroxide [20,25] have been shown to promote HIV-1 reactivation, we attempted to determine whether or not 1 O 2 is capable of mediating HIV-1 promoter activation and HIV-1 reactivation.…”

Serum Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Alpha, Soluble Type II TNF Receptor, and Transforming Growth Factor Beta Levels in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals withMycobacterium aviumComplex Disease

“…MAC also may use IL-6 as a growth factor (17). As immunodeficiency progresses in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, elevated levels of some of these same molecules are detected in serum (8,15,16). Thus, dysregulation of the in vivo cytokine environment in advanced HIV-1 infection not only favors HIV-1 replication but may also contribute to host susceptibility to MAC infection and dissemination.…”