Serum level of S100B in vitiligo patients: Is it a marker of disease activity?

Abstract

Background Vitiligo is a chronic depigmentary skin disorder, characterised clinically by the development of white macules and or patches caused by loss of epidermal melanocytes. S100B is a dual function protein released from epidermal melanocytes in response to injury. It considered a possible marker of disease activity in both malignant melanoma and vitiligo. Aim of the study To estimate the serum level of S100B level in vitiligo patients and correlate its level with disease activity and various disease parameters. Patients and methods Sixty vitiligo patients and 60 healthy volunteers as controls were included in the study. Vitiligo Area Severity Index (VASI) and Vitiligo Disease Activity (VIDA) scores were estimated for each patient. Quantitative assessment of S100B level using ELISA technique was done for all participants. Results S100B level was significantly correlated with the presence of vitiligo (P = 0.01), while it showed no correlation with the disease activity using VASI or VIDA scores. As regards the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of S100B for diagnosis and discrimination of vitiligo, serum S100B showed area under the curve (AUC) of 0.781 with 73.3% sensitivity and 80% specificity. Conclusion The serum level of S100B was related to the presence of vitiligo, but its level did not show any relation to the disease activity using either VASI and VIDA scores or various disease parameters.

Clinical Features, Immunopathogenesis, and Therapeutic Strategies in Vitiligo

“…Studies demonstrated that increased serum homocysteine and decreased vitamin B12 are associated with disease activity [89,90]. Higher expression of immune checkpoint receptors Tim-3 and PD-1 as well as elevated serum S100B (DAMP protein) and chemokine CCL20 levels were also found in vitiligo patients, which may suggest immune dysregulation as a role in the pathogenesis [78,[91][92][93].…”

“…Evaluating disease severity is beneficial to stratifying patients and monitoring treatment response. It can be rated by clinician-reported methods where higher grades correspond to more severe disorder [77][78][79]: body surface area (BSA, the percentage of lesions affected), Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI, BSA*residual depigmentation, ranging from 0 to 100), newly developed Vitiligo Extent Score (VES, 0-6 degree of the affection extent), and Vitiligo Disease Activity (VIDA) scores (− 1 to 4 point scale). In parallel, self-assessment tools have also been introduced including Self Assessment Vitiligo Extent Score (SA-VES) e Trichrome lesions (black arrows) and poorly defined borders (white arrows) [80,81] and Self Assessed Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (SA-VASI) [82].…”

Morphological Alterations and Increased S100B Expression in Epidermal Langerhans Cells Detected in Skin from Patients with Progressive Vitiligo

“…S100B is expressed in dendritic cells and cells with a neurogenic origin, and increased levels of this protein have been reported in neurological diseases, psoriasis, and other inflammatory disorders [ 14 , 15 , 17 , 40 ]. Recently, S100B was also suggested as a potent biomarker of activity in progressive vitiligo [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Furthermore, in a monobenzone-induced vitiligo mouse model, S100B inhibition was found to alleviate depigmentation in mouse skin [ 28 ].…”

“…S100B levels are positively associated with age, as well as neurodegenerative [ 16 ], neuroinflammatory [ 15 ], and various skin inflammatory diseases [ 17 ]. Recently, S100B has also been suggested to act as a potent biomarker for vitiligo activity [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Efficacy and safety of combined fractional ablative CO2 laser and 5 fluorouracil in the treatment of acral vitiligo: An open, uncontrolled study

“…Vitiligo activity was assessed according to vitiligo disease activity (VIDA) score. 16 Vitiligo area scoring index (VASI) score 17 was also calculated for each patient.…”