Serum IgG levels in children 6 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection and comparison with adults

Bloise, Silvia; Marcellino, Alessia; Testa, Alessia; Dilillo, Anna; Mallardo, Saverio; Isoldi, Sara; Martucci, Vanessa; Sanseviero, Maria Teresa; Giudice, Emanuela Del; Iorfida, Donatella; Ventriglia, Flavia; Lubrano, Riccardo

doi:10.1007/s00431-021-04124-w

Cited by 33 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…Primarily, along with a non-severe spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children [ 23 , 24 ], we observed a drastic reduction in the incidence of the main pediatric diseases caused by atopy and common seasonal bacteria and viruses. Not surprisingly, in 2020 the typical increase in consultations and hospital admissions for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza viruses did not occur during the winter season [ 13 , 25 , 26 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in Pediatric Health Care Spending and Drug Utilization during the COVID-19 Pandemic

et al. 2021

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Objective: To evaluate how the restrictive measures implemented during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have influenced the incidence of the most common children’s diseases and the consumption of medications in 2020 compared to 2019. Methods: We involved all family pediatricians of the local health authority of Latina, from which we requested data of monthly visits in 2019 and 2020 for six common diseases disseminated through droplets and contact, and the territorial and integrative pharmaceutical unit of the area, from which we requested data of the net expenditure regarding the most commonly used drugs at pediatric age. Results: There was significant reduction in the incidence of the evaluated diseases and in the consumption of investigated drugs between 2019 and 2020 in the months when the restrictive measures were in place, with an attenuation of this effect during the months of the gradual loosening of those measures. Conclusion: Nonpharmaceutical intervention measures have caused changes in the diffusion of common pediatric diseases. We believe that the implementation of a reasonable containment strategy, even outside of the pandemic, could positively influence the epidemiology of infectious and allergic diseases in children, and healthcare system spending.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in Pediatric Health Care Spending and Drug Utilization during the COVID-19 Pandemic

et al. 2021

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“…Limited data are available regarding the persistence of antibody responses in children. In a small cohort of children, anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG declined six months after infection with lower levels than their infected parents at the same time point [61]. In a recent larger cohort study, children and adolescents showed high and durable antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2, following mild or asymptomatic infection [62].…”

Section: Immune Response To Sars-cov-2 Infection In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…In Switzerland, a serosurvey showed a significantly lower seroprevalence among children aged 5-9 years (0.8%) and a lower risk of seropositivity compared to individuals aged 20-49 years (RR 0.32) [116], therefore confirming the studies on attack rate. Only few studies have been published on this topic, and it will also be important to assess the durability of antibodies following SARS-CoV-2 infection in children for the interpretation of seroprevalence studies [61,62].…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Transmission By Children In Household Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pediatric COVID-19: Immunopathogenesis, Transmission and Prevention

et al. 2021

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Children are unique in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 has a lower medical impact in children as compared to adults. A higher proportion of children than adults remain asymptomatic following SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease and death are also less common. This relative resistance contrasts with the high susceptibility of children to other respiratory tract infections. The mechanisms involved remain incompletely understood but could include the rapid development of a robust innate immune response. On the other hand, children develop a unique and severe complication, named multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, several weeks after the onset of symptoms. Although children play an important role in the transmission of many pathogens, their contribution to the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 appears lower than that of adults. These unique aspects of COVID-19 in children must be considered in the benefit–risk analysis of vaccination. Several COVID-19 vaccines have been authorized for emergency use in adolescents and clinical studies are ongoing in children. As the vaccination of adolescents is rolled out in several countries, we shall learn about the impact of this strategy on the health of children and on transmission within communities.

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“…The first home visit takes place on day 4, 5 or 6 (=t1) after testing date of the index case (t0). These home visits include (1) study information, informed consent, (2) collection of a combined mouth and nose swab, a saliva sample and capillary blood sample which can be used for a retrospective assessment of an earlier SARS-CoV-2 infection ( 19 ). This blood sample is taken from the fingertip and dried on specific paper for transport (dried blood spot).…”

Section: Methods and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Transmissibility Within Day Care Centers—Study Protocol of a Prospective Analysis of Outbreaks in Germany

Schienkiewitz

Jordan

Hornbacher

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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Introduction: Until today, the role of children in the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 and the development of the COVID-19 pandemic seems to be dynamic and is not finally resolved. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in child day care centers and connected households as well as transmission-related indicators and clinical symptoms among children and adults.Methods and Analysis: COALA (“Corona outbreak-related examinations in day care centers”) is a day care center- and household-based study with a case-ascertained study design. Based on day care centers with at least one reported case of SARS-CoV-2, we include one- to six-year-old children and staff of the affected group in the day care center as well as their respective households. We visit each child's and adult's household. During the home visit we take from each household member a combined mouth and nose swab as well as a saliva sample for analysis of SARS-CoV-2-RNA by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) and a capillary blood sample for a retrospective assessment of an earlier SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, information on health status, socio-demographics and COVID-19 protective measures are collected via a short telephone interview in the subsequent days. In the following 12 days, household members (or parents for their children) self-collect the same respiratory samples as described above every 3 days and a stool sample for children once. COVID-19 symptoms are documented daily in a symptom diary. Approximately 35 days after testing the index case, every participant who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the study is re-visited at home for another capillary blood sample and a standardized interview. The analysis includes secondary attack rates, by age of primary case, both in the day care center and in households, as well as viral shedding dynamics, including the beginning of shedding relative to symptom onset and viral clearance.Discussion: The results contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiological and virological transmission-related indicators of SARS-CoV-2 among young children, as compared to adults and the interplay between day care and households.

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Serum IgG levels in children 6 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection and comparison with adults

Cited by 33 publications

References 34 publications

Change in Pediatric Health Care Spending and Drug Utilization during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Change in Pediatric Health Care Spending and Drug Utilization during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Pediatric COVID-19: Immunopathogenesis, Transmission and Prevention

SARS-CoV-2 Transmissibility Within Day Care Centers—Study Protocol of a Prospective Analysis of Outbreaks in Germany

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