Serum Gonadotropins and Steroid Hormones and the Development of Ovarian Cancer

Helzlsouer, Kathy J.; Alberg, Anthony J.; Gordon, Gary; Longcope, Christopher; Bush, Trudy L.; Hoffman, Sandra C.; Comstock, George W.

doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530240036037

Cited by 212 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…8,12,14,16,17,21 The use of goserelin and bicalutamide was found to be well-tolerated, with the majority of toxicities reported as grade 1 or grade 2. Only 1 patient was discontinued from the study because of toxicity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[8][9][10][11] Plasma concentrations of androgens are greater than those of estrogens during the late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle 12 and in the postmenopausal ovary, in which 15-fold higher concentrations are noted in the ovarian vein compared with peripheral vein serum. 13 Some studies have shown that patients with ovarian cancer have higher levels of circulating androgens before the diagnosis of cancer is made than are found in women without cancer 14 ; others have refuted this finding. 15 Gonadotropin receptors also have been shown to be expressed in at least 50% of ovarian surface epithelial cells.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A phase II evaluation of goserelin and bicalutamide in patients with ovarian cancer in second or higher complete clinical disease remission

Levine

Park

Juretzka

et al. 2007

Cancer

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The mechanism of the gas‐phase elimination kinetics of 2‐ethoxypyridine has been studied through the electronic structure calculations using density functional methods: B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p), B3LYP/6‐31++G(d,p), B3PW91/6‐31G(d,p), B3PW91/6‐31++G(d,p), MPW1PW91/6‐31G(d,p), MPW1PW91/6‐31++G(d,p), PBEPBE/6‐31G(d,p), PBEPBE/6‐31++G(d,p), PBE1PBE1/6‐31G(d,p), and PBE1PBE1/6‐31++G(d,p). The elimination reaction of 2‐ethoxypyridine occurs through a six‐centered transition state geometry involving the pyridine nitrogen, the substituted carbon of the aromatic ring, the ethoxy oxygen, two carbons of the ethoxy group, and a hydrogen atom, which migrates from the ethoxy group to the nitrogen to give 2‐pyridone and ethylene. The reaction mechanism appears to occur with the participation of π‐electrons, similar to alkyl vinyl ether elimination reaction, with simultaneous ethylene formation and hydrogen migration to the pyridine nitrogen producing 2‐pyridone. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A phase II evaluation of goserelin and bicalutamide in patients with ovarian cancer in second or higher complete clinical disease remission

Levine

Park

Juretzka

et al. 2007

Cancer

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“…Shorter CAG repeat alleles have also been associated with other hyperandrogenic clinical conditions including risk of baldness and having prostatic hyperplasia in men and hirsutism (28), annovulation (29), and acne in women (30). Additionally, data from a nested case-control study by Helzlsouer et al (11) found that increased serum androgen levels were associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Epidemiologic studies also support a role of androgen in ovarian cancer in which increasing waist-to-hip ratio (8,9) and polycystic ovarian syndrome (9,10), which may be correlated with elevated androgen levels in women, have been associated with increased risk of ovarian cancer. In one study, higher levels of serum androstenedione were reported among women diagnosed with ovarian cancer compared with controls (11). Additionally, oral contraceptive use, which is inversely associated with ovarian cancer risk, suppresses testosterone production by 35% to 70% (1,2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trinucleotide Repeat Polymorphisms in the Androgen Receptor Gene and Risk of Ovarian Cancer

Schildkraut¹,

Murphy

Palmieri

et al. 2007

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Introduction: Androgens may play a role in the development of ovarian cancers. Two trinucleotide repeat polymorphisms have been described in exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene that may affect its function. Previous studies of ovarian cancer and AR repeat polymorphisms have been inconsistent. Methods: We analyzed CAG and GGC repeat length polymorphisms in the AR gene using data from a populationbased case-control study of ovarian cancer that included 594 cases and 681 controls. Repeat lengths were determined by fluorescent DNA fragment analysis using ABI GeneScan software. Change point models were used to determine appropriate repeat length cutoff points by race (African American versus Caucasian) for both the shorter and longer CAG and GGC repeats. Results: No relationship was observed between CAG repeat length and ovarian cancer among Caucasians.

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“…Androgens increase cell proliferation and decrease cell death in ovarian tissue, indicating a cancer-promoting effect [43]. Women with elevated serum levels of androgens have an increased risk of ovarian cancer [44,45], and androgen administration is associated with ovarian cancer in animal models [46]. Ovarian cancer is associated with an increase in androgen production [47].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The androgen receptor and prostate cancer: A role for sexual selection and sexual conflict?

Summers

Crespi

2008

Medical Hypotheses

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Summary We propose and evaluate the hypothesis that the CAG repeat region of the androgen receptor represents a locus of antagonistic pleiotropy in the context of sexual selection and sexual conflict. Short repeats are associated with increased transactivation of the androgen receptor at the molecular level, and increased fertility at the phenotypic level. However, short repeats are also associated with increased risk of prostate cancer, and with more aggressive forms of the disease. The somatic evolution of cancer cell lineages also shows a repeated pattern of shortening of the CAG repeat in association with cancer progression, apparently as a result of positive selection among cell lineages. We further postulate that other genes associated with prostate cancer are likely to mediate antagonistic pleiotropy in the context of sexual selection and sexual conflict. A key prediction of this hypothesis is that the genes mediating antagonistic pleiotropy will show historical evidence of positive selection, particularly in the context of sexual conflict. Previous research on the molecular evolution of specific genes associated with prostate cancer supports this prediction, and we suggest further critical tests of the role for genomic conflicts and tradeoffs in the evolution of cancer risk.

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Serum Gonadotropins and Steroid Hormones and the Development of Ovarian Cancer

Cited by 212 publications

References 20 publications

A phase II evaluation of goserelin and bicalutamide in patients with ovarian cancer in second or higher complete clinical disease remission

A phase II evaluation of goserelin and bicalutamide in patients with ovarian cancer in second or higher complete clinical disease remission

Trinucleotide Repeat Polymorphisms in the Androgen Receptor Gene and Risk of Ovarian Cancer

The androgen receptor and prostate cancer: A role for sexual selection and sexual conflict?

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