Serum-cell interactions in transmission of sarcoma in the soft shell clam, Mya arenaria L.

Sunila, Inke

doi:10.1016/0300-9629(92)90731-5

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…It was proposed that the proteins associated with disseminated neoplasia were cytotoxic or tumor-promoting and that these replaced the normal defense-related serum proteins of healthy clams. Further, it was shown that injection of normal hemocytes along with serum from diseased clams caused mortality in recipient clams even though it did not result in development of disseminated neoplasia (Sunila 1992).…”

Section: Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Neoplastic diseases of commercially important marine bivalves

Barber

2004

Aquat. Living Resour.

172

215

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This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the two primary proliferative diseases of commercially important marine bivalves. Disseminated neoplasia is characterized by the presence of large (2−4 times the diameter of normal hemocytes), anaplastic, circulating cells that have a hyperchromatic and often pleomorphic nucleus containing one or more prominent nucleoli. Prevalence exceeding 90% has been reported; the disease is progressive and can result in significant mortality of affected populations. Softshell clams, Mya arenaria, and mussels, Mytilus trossulus, from the east and west coasts of North America, respectively, and cockles, Cerastoderma edule, from Ireland, appear to be especially susceptible. Disseminated neoplasia can be transmitted to uninfected individuals, indicating an infectious (perhaps viral) etiology, the expression of which may be aggravated by environmental degradation. Gonadal neoplasia consists of small, basophilic, undifferentiated cells that originate as small foci in gonadal follicles where they proliferate and eventually invade surrounding tissues. This disease primarily affects M. arenaria in Maine (USA) and Mercenaria spp. in Florida (USA) at prevalences up to 50%. Most affected individuals are female. Limited field studies to date indicate that the disease progresses slowly and mortality rates are low. The major impact is most likely a reduction in reproductive effort. The finding that prevalence of gonadal neoplasia is higher in hybrid Mercenaria spp. suggests a genetic etiology. Precise determination of the etiology and other aspects of both diseases will benefit greatly from future advances in cellular and molecular biological techniques.

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Section: Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Neoplastic diseases of commercially important marine bivalves

Barber

2004

Aquat. Living Resour.

172

215

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“…Induction of cancer by inoculation of isolated intact CCH or hemolymph from diseased clams is also possible, though the transition occurs much more slowly. Previous studies suggested that hemolymph is essential to provide proteins and mitotic factors for successful transplantation (Sunila, 1992). However, in the present study, cancer was also initiated when CCH were resuspended in clam culture medium where growth and mitotic factors were not present.…”

Section: Methods For In Vivo Culture Of Cancerous Clam Hemocytesmentioning

confidence: 49%

“…Several studies report either significant or no correlation with pollution at different sites, but most of these were conducted after a major contamination or environmental event and do not benefit from multiple samplings over time (Walker et al, 1981;Appeldoorn et al, 1984;Laevitt et al, 1990;Garton et al, 1992). Independent investigations supporting a viral origin demonstrate that the disease can be transplanted to normal clams by inoculation of hemocytes or cell-free hemolymph from diseased clams (McLaughlin et al, 1992;Sunila, 1992;Wineberg et al, 1997;Renault and Novoa, 2004). None of these studies has unequivocally identified a causal virus, and detection of viral particles has been hampered by the absence of cell lines from the soft shell clam (other than a heart cell line; Kleinschuster et al, 1996) for viral isolation and characterization (Brown, 1980;Oprandy and Chang, 1983;House et al, 1998;Renault and Novoa, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Culture and Characterization of Tumor Cells From a Naturally Occurring Invertebrate Cancer Model: Applications for Human and Animal Disease and Environmental Health

Walker

Böttger

Mulkern

et al. 2009

The Biological Bulletin

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On the northeastern coast of the United States and Canada, Mya arenaria, the soft shell clam, develops a diffuse, hemopoetic tumor (a fatal leukemia-like cancer) resulting from inactivation of p53-like family member proteins.These malignant cells provide a model for an unrelated set of human cancer cells that are also characterized by mortalin-based cytoplasmic sequestration of wild-type p53 tumor suppressor protein (mortalin is the mitochondrial Hsp70 protein). Here we describe methods for mass culture and long-term storage of tumor cells from this cancer. These are the first successful efforts at maintaining malignant cells from any marine invertebrate in vitro. Following passage (subculture), these cultures undergo transition from primary cultures to non-immortalized cell lines that continue to proliferate and do not re-differentiate the normal hemocyte phenotype. We also characterize normal clam hemocytes and the pathology of cancerous clam hemocytes in vitro and in vivo using light and electron microscopy, cyto- and immunocytochemistry, molecular biology, and a phagocytosis assay. Our protocols provide biomedical and environmental researchers with ready access to this naturally occurring cancer model. We discuss the clam cancer model regarding (a) human health and disease; (b) animal health, disease, and aquaculture; (c) environmental health monitoring; and (d) future research directions.

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“…A viral fraction (consisting of 100 nm icosahedral particles) was identified in a homogenate of ova isolated from neoplastic Mya arenaria (Sunila 1994). When isolated ova from neoplastic clams were injected into healthy recipients, these clams developed a haemic neoplasm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell-free transmission of a haemic neoplasm in the cockle Cerastoderma edule

Collins¹,

Mulcahy²

2003

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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A haemic neoplasm occurs in populations of the common cockle Cerastoderma edule L. along the coast of Ireland. The morphology, epizootiology and distribution of the disease have previously been described. The aetiology of the neoplasm is unknown. In this study transmission of the neoplasm between cockles was accomplished using both whole neoplastic cells and neoplastic cellfree homogenates which were filtered through 0.45 µm Millipore filters. Successful transmission of the disease has been achieved by both methods. These results indicate that the neoplasm in cockles may have a viral aetiology. Whole neoplastic cell inoculation resulted in a higher level of disease development compared to that of cell-free inoculates. The survival rates of the inoculated groups were compared and a significant decrease in survival was found in those groups which developed the disease. KEY WORDS: Cerastoderma edule · Neoplasm · Cell-free transmission Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 54: [61][62][63][64][65][66][67] 2003 (nor polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], Twomey 1994) within the tissues of diseased cockles from this site. It was subsequently found that the distribution of neoplasia in cockles around the Irish coast was sporadic and apparently not related to obviously polluted sites (Twomey 1994).Where a biological aetiology has been found, the causative agent has not been definitively characterised. An infectious aetiology has been suggested for bivalve neoplasia (Oprandy et al. 1981, Oprandy & Chang 1983, Appeldoorn et al. 1984, Elston et al. 1988b, House et al. 1998. Successful transplantation of haemic neoplasia was achieved in Cerastoderma edule from Cork Harbour (Twomey & Mulcahy 1988). This leads to the question of whether the transplanted cells proliferate within the new host, or whether they are broken down, releasing an infectious agent, which then transforms the new host's cells.Extensive ultrastructural examination of neoplastic cockle tissues has not shown the presence of viral particles (Twomey 1987). An attempt to transfer neoplasms between diseased and non-diseased cockles using a cell-free filtrate from neoplastic cells proved unsuccessful. It was surmised that failure may have been due to the low numbers of neoplastic cells used to prepare the filtrate and the short observation period of 3 mo. Further studies were recommended (Twomey & Mulcahy 1988).The aim of the present work was to attempt transmission of the neoplasm between diseased and nondiseased cockles using neoplastic cell filtrates, and thus investigate a viral aetiology to the neoplasm in these populations of shellfish. MATERIALS AND METHODSFive transmission experiments were conducted in total and are summarised in Table 1.Collection of cockles. Cockles from neoplasia-free populations were collected from Woodstown Strand, County Waterford, Ireland. Cockles from neoplastic populations were collected from Cuskinny (Cork Harbour) and from Bantry (West Cork), Ireland.Maintenance of c...

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Serum-cell interactions in transmission of sarcoma in the soft shell clam, Mya arenaria L.

Cited by 14 publications

References 11 publications

Neoplastic diseases of commercially important marine bivalves

Neoplastic diseases of commercially important marine bivalves

Mass Culture and Characterization of Tumor Cells From a Naturally Occurring Invertebrate Cancer Model: Applications for Human and Animal Disease and Environmental Health

Cell-free transmission of a haemic neoplasm in the cockle Cerastoderma edule

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