Serum biomarkers of endothelial glycocalyx injury in canine parvoviral infection

Abstract

Canine parvoviral enteritis (PVE) is one of the most common diseases in young dogs. A range of diseases and inflammatory conditions can cause endothelial glycocalyx (eGCX) disruption, therefore, this study aimed to determine the presence of eGCX damage in dogs with PVE using serum biomarkers of eGCX, and to evaluate their prognostic importance among survivor and non-survivor dogs. Twenty dogs diagnosed with PVE and 10 healthy dogs of both sexes, mixed-breed, and under 6 months of age were included in the study. Clinical examination, blood gas analysis, and complete blood cell counts of the dogs were performed. To detect the eGCX injury, serum endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 (ESM-1), syndecan-1 (SDC-1), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), and heparan sulfate (HS) levels were measured. Results showed that at the time of admission serum levels of ESM-1 were higher in dogs with PVE compared to that of the healthy dogs. Dogs with PVE were further assigned into two groups: survivors (n:10) and non-survivors (n:10). The ESM-1 had high sensitivity and specificity to differentiate between survivor and non-survivor dogs with values of 100% and 67%, respectively, with at an optimum cutoff point of ≥460 pg/mL. We concluded that higher levels of ESM-1 in dogs with PVE may indicate eGCX injury when compared to healthy dogs. Also, the high levels of serum ESM-1 in non-survivor dogs suggest that serum ESM-1 may carry some prognostic usefulness for predicting mortality in dogs with PVE.

The microvascular endothelial glycocalyx: An additional piece of the puzzle in veterinary medicine

“… Lawrence-Mills et al (2022b) Hypercoagulability; MMVD Plasma HA Increased plasma HA was found in dogs with hypercoagulability as well as dogs with MMVD. Naseri et al (2020) Canine parvoviral enteritis Serum ESM-1 Higher serum ESM-1 was found in non-survivors. Yini et al (2015) Septic shock model Plasma syndecan-1 and HS Increased plasma syndecan-1 and HS was found following injection with a lethal dose of E. coli .…”

“…The same study identified relationships between serum interleukin (IL)− 6 and hyaluronan concentrations, suggesting an association between inflammation and eGlx degradation. In dogs with parvoviral enteritis, circulating endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 concentrations were increased compared to controls ( Naseri et al, 2020 ) suggesting endothelial cell injury. However, the eGlx components syndecan-1 and heparan sulfate, were not found to be significantly different between affected dogs and controls ( Naseri et al, 2020 ).…”

“…In dogs with parvoviral enteritis, circulating endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 concentrations were increased compared to controls ( Naseri et al, 2020 ) suggesting endothelial cell injury. However, the eGlx components syndecan-1 and heparan sulfate, were not found to be significantly different between affected dogs and controls ( Naseri et al, 2020 ). This may be the due to small sample size or the timing of sampling (samples were collected at admission only, relatively early in the disease process) or poor assay performance.…”

Evaluation of endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 as a biomarker of glycocalyx damage in canine myxomatous mitral valve disease

“…This allows more fluid to leak from compromised blood vessels, exacerbates interstitial edema, and triggers intravascular coagulation [ 6 – 8 ]. In previous studies, conditions such as septic peritonitis and parvoviral infections have been associated with eGCX damage in dogs [ 9 , 10 ]. Human studies have shown that conditions such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypervolemia (aggressive fluid resuscitation), and ischemia–reperfusion injury can also lead to eGCX degradation [ 11 – 19 ].…”

“…Among the four indicators, only serum ESM-1 concentratoin was significantly associated with parvoviral infection and a lower survival rate. Based on these results, ESM-1 could be utilized as a prognostic factor for diseases that cause inflammation and eGCX damage, such as parvoviral enteritis [ 9 ].…”