Serum Androgens in Normal Prepubertal and Pubertal Children and in Children with Precocious Adrenarche

Korth-Schütz, Sigrun; Levine, Lenore S.; New, Maria I.

doi:10.1210/jcem-42-1-117

Cited by 197 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This increase corresponds well with the findings of studies on plasma androgens during adrenarche in humans (Korth-Schutz et al 1976, Sizonenko et al 1976, Ilondo et al 1982. For bonobos older than 10 years, a wide range of DHEA-S levels was found, and for the five individuals for whom longitudinal measurements were available, one individual exhibited very high levels at the age of 8 years, while another showed very low levels at the age of 11 years.…”

Section: Adrenarche In Bonobossupporting

confidence: 88%

Adrenarche in bonobos (Pan paniscus): evidence from ontogenetic changes in urinary dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate levels

Behringer¹,

Hohmann²,

Stevens³

et al. 2012

Journal of Endocrinology

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Adrenarche is characterized by the onset of adrenal secretions of increasing amounts of dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S). While the function of adrenarche remains a matter of speculation, evidence suggests that the morphological and physiological changes related to it are restricted to humans and closely related primates. Within the primate order, adrenarche has been described only in humans and chimpanzees, but bonobos, the sister species of chimpanzees, have not yet been studied regarding the early ontogenetic changes such as adrenarche. While bonobos and chimpanzees share many morphological and behavioral characteristics, they differ in a number of behavioral traits, and there is a growing interest in terms of the physiological differences that can be linked to species-specific patterns of social behavior. In this study, we measured urinary DHEA-S levels to determine whether bonobos experience physiological changes that are indicative of adrenarche. We measured DHEA-S in urine using ELISA and analyzed its levels in the samples from 53 bonobos aged 1-18 years. Our results show that bonobos experience an increase in DHEA-S levels after 5 years of age, which is comparable with the patterns observed in humans and chimpanzees. This indicates that bonobos do undergo adrenarche and that the timing of onset is similar to that of the two Pan species. The extraction procedures described in this report demonstrate the use of urine for monitoring ontogenetic changes in DHEA-S excretion. If applicable to other species, the technique would facilitate more research on the evolutionary origin of adrenarche and other developmental processes.

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Section: Adrenarche In Bonobossupporting

confidence: 88%

Adrenarche in bonobos (Pan paniscus): evidence from ontogenetic changes in urinary dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate levels

Behringer¹,

Hohmann²,

Stevens³

et al. 2012

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…The time to onset of complications was longer for children diagnosed at least 5 years before onset of gonadarche compared to diagnosis within 2 years of gonadarche, being 39 -48% longer for retinopathy and even longer (56 -81%) for elevated AER. Before age 5 years, the gonadal and adrenal axes are relatively inactive, but between age 5 years and the onset of gonadarche, adrenal androgen levels steadily increase (25). However, in an earlier study of prepubertal children ages 8 -9 years, the children with early retinopathy actually had significantly lower levels of dehydroepi- androstenedione than those without retinopathy (0.2 vs. 1.1 mol/l) (26).…”

Section: Accelerated Failure Time Modelmentioning

confidence: 88%

Do All Prepubertal Years of Diabetes Duration Contribute Equally to Diabetes Complications?

et al. 2003

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OBJECTIVE -This study was designed to explore the timeline of protection against complications in prepubertal children with diabetes, in particular the effects of diabetes duration before age 5 years.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -In this study, 193 adolescents with prepubertal diabetes onset were followed longitudinally for retinopathy (early background and clinical) and microalbuminuria (albumin excretion rate Ͼ7.5 g/min and Ͼ20 g/min). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to compare the effect of pre-and postpubertal diabetes duration on the risk of each complication in 90 subjects reassessed as young adults. For the entire cohort, Kaplan-Meier estimates were used to determine time free of each complication, and survival was compared in those diagnosed before and after age 5 years. Accelerated failure time modeling was used to estimate the effect of covariates, including diabetes duration before puberty, on the risk of complications.RESULTS -Prepubertal duration improved the prediction for retinopathy over postpubertal duration alone in the young adults. The survival-free period of retinopathy and microalbuminuria was significantly longer (2-4 years) for those diagnosed before age 5 years compared with those diagnosed after age 5 years. Time to onset of all complications increased progressively with longer diabetes duration before gonadarche. Higher HbA 1c during adolescence had an independent effect on the risk of retinopathy and microalbuminuria.CONCLUSIONS -Prepubertal diabetes duration remains a significant predictor of retinopathy in young adults. The effect of time on the risk of retinopathy and microalbuminuria is nonuniform, with an increasing delay in the onset of complications in those with longer prepubertal duration. These findings are of major clinical importance when setting targets of glycemic control in young children who are at greatest risk of hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 26:1224 -1229, 2003P arents and health professionals caring for very young children with diabetes must balance the opposing risks of hypoglycemia and future microvascular complications. Although the importance of avoiding severe hypoglycemia in children age Ͻ5 years is well documented (1-3), the relative contribution of these prepubertal years to the development of complications remains less certain (4).In an earlier study using logistic regression, researchers demonstrated that longer prepubertal diabetes duration increased the risk of retinopathy, but not microalbuminuria, in adolescents (5). Studies using survival analysis have also demonstrated that the duration during prepubertal years contributes to retinopathy (6 -8), and one study has demonstrated the contribution of prepubertal duration to microalbuminuria (9). Total duration as a continuous variable was not a significant predictor of microalbuminuria in a Norwegian study, but onset of diabetes before age 13 years conferred an increased risk compared to onset after age 13 years (10). In contrast, a recent study assessing urinary albumin concentration in chil...

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“…Furthermore, a steeper increase of Adione was seen in girls than in boys. A gender difference in the level of Adione and in the ratio of DHEAS/Adione exists, supported by a study of Korth-Schuz et al (1976) (19). The gender difference may be derived from ovarian vs testicular production of Adione or derived from differences in the activity of 17,20 lyase, which converts steroidal precursors to C19 steroids.…”

Section: Adrenal Androgensmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Obviously, others have suggested an increase in adrenal androgens with age but based on crosssectional data (19,20). Few longitudinal studies of adrenal function in children exist, and these are primarily based on very few subjects (21) or urinary samples (22,23).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The pubertal transition in 179 healthy Danish children: associations between pubarche, adrenarche, gonadarche, and body composition

Mouritsen

Aksglæde

Soerensen

et al. 2013

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Background: Pubertal onset is usually defined by breast development in girls and testicular growth in boys. Pubarche is defined as the attainment of pubic hair and is considered as a sign of pubertal transition. Pubarche is preceded by a gradual increase in production of adrenal androgens, DHEA and D4-androstenedione (Adione), a process termed adrenarche. Objective: To study the natural course of pubertal transition and the associations with adrenarche, body fat, and linear growth. Design and methods: A longitudinal study of 179 healthy children (89 girls) with higher socioeconomic background examined every 6 months for 5 years. Pubic hair stage, breast stage, genital stage, testicular volume (TV), height, weight, and four skinfolds were measured. Results: In girls, median age (25th and 75th percentiles) at thelarche (B2C) was 10.1 years (9.3-10.9). In boys, median age at attaining a TV O3 ml was 11.5 years (10.9-12.0). Median age at pubarche (PH2C) was 10.9 years (10.3-11.4) in girls and 11.6 years (10.8-12.4) in boys. Only 6.8% (4/59) of the girls and 24.6% (15/61) of the boys developed pubic hair as the first isolated sign of puberty. Serum DHEAS and Adione increased with age, although the increase in Adione was most pronounced in girls. No associations between early age at thelarche/testicular growth and increased body fat (BMI and sum of four skinfolds) were observed. Conclusion: Danish children rarely experience pubarche as the first sign of puberty. No associations between age at pubertal onset and body composition were found. Circulating levels of Adione, but not DHEAS, increased with the onset of puberty, although with large interindividual variability.

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Serum Androgens in Normal Prepubertal and Pubertal Children and in Children with Precocious Adrenarche

Cited by 197 publications

References 25 publications

Adrenarche in bonobos (Pan paniscus): evidence from ontogenetic changes in urinary dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate levels

Adrenarche in bonobos (Pan paniscus): evidence from ontogenetic changes in urinary dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate levels

Do All Prepubertal Years of Diabetes Duration Contribute Equally to Diabetes Complications?

The pubertal transition in 179 healthy Danish children: associations between pubarche, adrenarche, gonadarche, and body composition

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