Serum and Urine Amino Acid Patterns during the First Month of Life in Small-for-Date Infants

Robles, Rafael; Â, Gil; Faus, MJ; Periago, J.L.; Sánchez–Pozo, Antonio; Pita, M L; Sánchez-Medina, F

doi:10.1159/000242006

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The concentration of cysteine in plasma was not determined. These observations are worthy of further investigation because various infant formulas differ in their quantity of total protein (Robles, 1984;Janas, 1985).…”

Section: Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 88%

Milk-substitutes comparable to rat's milk; their preparation, composition and impact on development and metabolism in the artificially reared rat

et al. 1989

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1. Procedures are described to prepare nutritionally adequate rat milk-substitutes by modifying commercially available processed cow's milk, rich in carbohydrate and low in protein and fat compared with rat's milk.2. Premilk formulas, prepared as intermediates in the preparation of rat milk-substitutes, are rich in protein but low in their concentration of fat, carbohydrate, and minerals when compared with rat's milk.3. Premilks were supplemented with lactose, vitamins, minerals, fat as oil mixtures, certain amino acids and other constituents to yield rat milk-substitutes which resemble the known composition of rat's milk in their properties and composition. 4.Detailed analyses of the milk-substitutes show them to be CO~npdrdbk to rat's milk in energy content, pH. osmolarity, the concentration of the macronutrients, fat, protein and carbohydrate, and the major minerals. 5.Rat pups were artificially reared from postnatal day 4 or 5 until days 1&18 by fitting them with gastric cannulas through which the milk-substitutes could be infused automatically.6. The nutritional impact of the milk-substitutes was assessed by a comparison of growth and mctabolic characteristics for artificially reared rats with age-matched sucking rats reared by their mother.7. Indices which were taken to be appropriate included ( a ) body-weight gain; ( h ) the concentration in blood of protein, amino acids, ketone bodies, carnitine, glucose, galactose, lactate, insulin, and the electrolytes calcium, sodium, potassium and chloride; (c) the turnover of glucose and 3-hydroxybutyrate; ( d ) the concentration in brain of protein, cholesterol, cerebroside sulphate and the activities of the enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1 .2.4. I), 3-0x0-acid-CoA transferase (EC 2.8.3.5) and acetoacetyl-CoA ligase (EC 6.2. I .16). 8.The studies suggest that milk-substitutes approximating to rat's milk in composition promote acceptable metabolism in the artificially reared rat pup.A semi-automated system for the artificial rearing of rat pups from about 4 d after birth to weaning at 21 d of age was first described by Messer et af. (1969) and has been used in studies dealing with behavioural (Hall, 1975), pharmacological (Diaz & Schain, 1977 and metabolic and nutritional Sonnenberg et af. 1982;West et al. 1982;Smart et al. 1984) aspects of development during the suckling period for the infant rat. The rat milk-substitute that has been used in these studies contains 300% of the carbohydrate and 60 % of the protein concentration of rat's milk (Messer et al. 1969). It has been shown that deveIopmental and metabolic events are suboptimal in rat pups reared exclusively on this milk-substitute (Sonnenberg et al. 1982;Smart et al. 1984). The synchrony of nutrients available in rat's milk with events that occur in intermediary metabolism promotes optimal growth and development in the neonatal rat. Thus, for studies with artificially reared rats it is necessary to have available a rat milk-substitute which is similar to rat's milk in its basic constituents and which ...

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Section: Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 88%

Milk-substitutes comparable to rat's milk; their preparation, composition and impact on development and metabolism in the artificially reared rat

et al. 1989

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“…SGA infants are more sensitive to metabolic imbalances than AGA infants (Baserga et al 2004). Also, Robles et al (1984) reported hypertyrosinemia in small-for-date (SFD) infants. Hypertyrosinemia results from immature function of the enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, most frequently in premature infants (Russo et al 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liver Fibrosis in an Extremely Small Infant for Gestational Age

Arai

Noguchi

Goto

et al. 2010

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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“…In neonates with intrauterine growth retardation, biochemical abnormalities similar to those of protein malnutrition have been noted (e.g., reduction in serum albumin and significant changes in the plasma amino acid profile). When these infants were provided with protein in quantities of about 4 g/kg/day, the biochemical indices of malnutrition normalized without any manifestation of metabolic ill effects [11,12]. Kashyap et al [13] showed that when protein intake from milk-based formula was 3.8 g/kg/day, gains in weight and length of low birth weight infants (^1,750 g) were greater than when it was 2.8 g/kg/day, although the difference did not reach statistical significance probably due to small sample size (14 infants in low protein intake group versus 15 infants in high protein intake group).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritionally Regulated Hormonal Factors in Prolonged Postnatal Growth Retardation and Its Associated Adverse Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Extreme Prematurity

Yeung¹,

Smyth²

2003

Neonatology

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Recent published data show that at hospital discharge, most infants born at <30 weeks of gestation would not achieve the median birth weight of the reference fetus at the same postconceptional age, and many would be less than the 10th centile. Estimating from the current recommendations of calorie and protein intakes, these infants accrue large deficits in intakes of protein and calorie during the first weeks of life. Postnatal growth retardation over a prolonged period of time is related to neurodevelopmental delays. While a total energy intake of 120 kcal/kg/day has generally been considered adequate, protein requirement in low gestation infants remains a matter for debate. Increasing the dietary protein:calorie ratio has previously been proposed as a strategy to enhance growth and to achieve a body composition similar to that of the reference fetus. Previous study data reveal that serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentration is positively correlated with protein intake, and nitrogen retention, in turn, is positively correlated with serum IGF-I concentration. Remarkably, elevated serum growth hormone but low serum IGF-I concentrations have been reported in low gestation infants and in infants with intrauterine growth retardation, suggesting IGF-I being a nutritionally regulated hormonal factor in the postnatal growth retardation. As neurodevelopment in extreme prematurity is likely affected by multiple factors, we hypothesize that a combined strategy of the previously proposed hormonal supplement with hydrocortisone and tri-iodothyronine together with increased dietary protein intake (progressively increasing from 1.5 g/kg/day intravenously administered amino acids immediately after birth, then 3.6 g/100 kcal at ≈125 kcal/kg/day when enterally fed till the infant reaches a body weight of ≧1.8 kg and at ≧50th centile weight of the reference fetus at the same postconceptional age) would likely be synergistic and more effective in improving neurodevelopmental outcome.

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Serum and Urine Amino Acid Patterns during the First Month of Life in Small-for-Date Infants

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

Milk-substitutes comparable to rat's milk; their preparation, composition and impact on development and metabolism in the artificially reared rat

Milk-substitutes comparable to rat's milk; their preparation, composition and impact on development and metabolism in the artificially reared rat

Liver Fibrosis in an Extremely Small Infant for Gestational Age

Nutritionally Regulated Hormonal Factors in Prolonged Postnatal Growth Retardation and Its Associated Adverse Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Extreme Prematurity

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