“…In a community oncology experience, vitamin D deficiency is widespread in cancer patients and correlates with advanced stage disease (Churilla et al, 2012). A high prevalent of vitamin D deficiency has been associated with head and neck cancer (Orell-Kotikangas et al, 2011), breast cancer (Crew et al, 2009;Peppone et al, 2012), vulvar cancer (Salehin et al, 2012), prostate cancer (Varsavsky et al, 2011), pancreatic cancer (Wolpin et al, 2011), gastric cancer (Ren et al, 2012), colon and rectal cancer (Tangrea et al, 1997), ovarian cancer (Lefkowitz et al, 1994), oral cavity and esophagus cancers (Lipworth et al, 2009), myelo-proliferative neoplasms and myelo-dysplastic syndromes (Pardanani et al, 2011), multiple myeloma (Ng et at., 2009), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (Drake et al, 2010), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Shamafelt et al, 2011). On the other hand, a serum 25OHD concentration of 25 nmol/L was associated with a 17% reduction in incidence of cancer, a 29% reduction in total cancer mortality, and a 45% reduction in digestive system cancer mortality (Giovannucci et al, 2006).…”