SERS Sensors: Recent Developments and a Generalized Classification Scheme Based on the Signal Origin

Abstract

Owing to its extreme sensitivity and easy execution, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) now finds application for a wide variety of problems requiring sensitive and targeted analyte detection. This widespread application has prompted a proliferation of different SERS-based sensors, suggesting the need for a framework to classify existing methods and guide the development of new techniques. After a brief discussion of the general SERS modalities, we classify SERS-based sensors according the origin of the signal. Three major categories emerge from this analysis: surface-affinity strategy, SERS-tag strategy, and probe-mediated strategy. For each case, we describe the mechanism of action, give selected examples, and point out general misconceptions to aid the construction of new devices. We hope this review serves as a useful tutorial guide and helps readers to better classify and design practical and effective SERS-based sensors.

Capture of Phenylalanine and Phenylalanine-Terminated Peptides Using a Supramolecular Macrocycle for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection

“…A variety of methods are now employed to facilitate SERS detection of analytes with low surface affinity, including SERS-active tags and surface affinity strategies. 13–15 These techniques rely on mediating the interactions between the surface and the analyte via a capture ligand. SERS methods of Phe detection, however, have mainly relied on direct adsorption of Phe to a noble metal substrate with no surface ligand.…”

The Expanding Frontiers of Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

“…Raman spectroscopy has found extensive use as an analytical tool, providing chemical information and identification. [194][195][196] TERS has been proven to provide vibrational fingerprint identification of chemical species below the diffraction limit of light. 197,198 From its beginning, the sample and tip stability inherent to UHV-TERS experiments have allowed exceptional levels of spatial resolution.…”

Carbonaceous Nanomaterials Employed in the Development of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Screen-Printing Technique—A Review

“…One technique often used involves the dispersion of carbonaceous nanomaterials in a solvent. This suspension may be directly added to the electrode surface by casting or drop-and-dry method [39,40]. In some situations, other compounds may be added to improve the solubility of nanomaterials or/and suspension stability [41,42].…”