Semiconductor/metal
complex hybrids are promising photocatalysts
for CO2 reduction. A comprehensive mechanism investigation
on charge dynamics was carried out for a hybrid g-C3N4/[Co(bpy)3]2+ (bpy
= 2,2′-bipyridine) photocatalytic system by using a combination
of in situ UV–vis and resonance Raman spectroscopies, electrochemistry,
and spectroelectrochemistry. A singly reduced [Co(bpy)2]+ species binding to CO2 was directly identified
as an important intermediate. The excessive accumulation of this transformed
[CoIII(bpy)2CO2]+ intermediate
indicates that the subsequent CO2 reduction reaction is
the main rate-limiting process. Built on these findings, the heterosystem
was modified to g-C3N4/[Co(dmbpy)3]2+, where dmbpy = 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine.
The electron affinity of the cobalt complex segment and thereby the
specific CO2 binding were enhanced. The refined charge
dynamics led to 5.4 times enhanced photocatalytic CO2-to-CO
conversion, with a selectivity of over 85% and an apparent quantum
yield of 1.96% at 400 nm. This study provides an applicable spectroscopic
approach to investigate in-depth charge-transfer characteristics and
identify the main rate-limiting process, as well as shows the significance
of rational design based on mechanism understanding.