SERS analysis of serum for detection of early and locally advanced breast cancer

Abstract

In this contribution, we investigated whether surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of serum can be a candidate method for detecting "luminal A" breast cancer (BC) at different stages. We selected three groups of participants aged over 50 years: 20 healthy women, 20 women with early localized small BC, and 20 women affected by BC with lymph node involvement. SERS revealed clear spectral differences between these three groups. A predictive model using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was developed based on spectral data, and its performance was estimated with cross-validation. PCA-LDA of SERS spectra could distinguish healthy from BC subjects (sensitivity, 92 %; specificity, 85 %), as well as subjects with BC at different stages, with a promising diagnostic performance (sensitivity and specificity, ≥80 %; overall accuracy, 84 %). Our data suggest that SERS spectroscopy of serum, combined with multivariate data analysis, represents a minimally invasive, easy to use, and fast approach to discriminate healthy from BC subjects and even to distinguish BC at different clinical stages.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of serum accurately detects prostate cancer in patients with prostate-specific antigen levels of 4–10 ng/mL

“…38,39 On this basis, SERS has been extensively used to detect various cancers with a high accuracy in recent years. [27][28][29] In the present study, the SERS spectra of serum revealed significant differences between cancer patients and BPH patients, implying biomolecular component differences in blood. The Raman peak of 492 cm −1 is related to glycogen, while 1,445 cm −1 is related to CH 2 bending, collagen/lipids.…”

“…In order to fully utilize the whole SERS spectrum and automatically determine the most meaningful spectral features that can be used to differentiate PCa from BPH, we used PCA-LDA to analyze the spectra data and built a diagnostic algorithm for differentiation, a technique that has been widely used in spectral data management in many studies and has shown promising results. 27,42,52 In our study, by utilizing the PCA-LDA model, the PCa, BPH and CTR groups were separated significantly. Figure 3 shows the scatter plot of the linear discriminant scores of CTR, PCa and BPH serum spectra.…”

“…26 In recent years, SERS has been used to diagnose various cancers with a high accuracy, such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer and bladder cancer. [27][28][29] An investigation into diagnosing PCa in 2015 reported that by analyzing the Raman spectra of serum separated from a peripheral blood sample and applying SVM techniques, PCa could be diagnosed with an accuracy of up to 98.1%. 24 While this study offered extremely promising results, it focused on developing the methodology for using SERS in PCa diagnosis and thus did not study the method in a clinically relevant situation.…”

Label‐free diagnosis for colorectal cancer through coffee ring‐assisted surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy on blood serum

“…The signal amplification through electromagnetic enhancement, the ability to provide molecule‐specific vibrational data and the inherent swiftness of the optical method make SERS a powerful candidate for the development of sensitive diagnostic strategies . Particularly, in the pursuit of rapid, noninvasive and precise cancer diagnosis, SERS has received an enormous amount of attention in recent years . Different classes of nanostructured metal probes and substrates based on scalable bottom‐up and reproducible top‐down fabrication have been explored for boosting the SERS signal intensities through electric field enhancement via localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs).…”

Distinguishing Different Cancerous Human Cells by Raman Spectroscopy Based on Discriminant Analysis Methods

“…It is known that cellular biochemical components vary depending upon the cancer cells coming from different organs, and different malignancy degrees. The difference is critical for the development of Raman spectroscopy as a new clinical diagnostic approach [10,11,[13][14][15]. The main objective of the present experimental study was to investigate the biochemical difference in these different cancer cells (SH-SY5Y, HeLa, HO-8910, MDA-MB-231, U87, A549), the cells of distinct malignancy degree (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) and the normal cell line and cancer cells (HEB and U87) utilizing Raman spectroscopy.…”