Serpentovirus (Nidovirus) and Orthoreovirus Coinfection in Captive Veiled Chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) with Respiratory Disease

Hoon-Hanks, Laura L.; Stöhr, Anke C.; Anderson, Alvin G.; Evans, Dawn; Nevarez, Javier G.; Díaz, Raúl E.; Rodgers, Case; Cross, Shaun T.; Steiner, Halley R.; Parker, Roy; Stenglein, Mark D.

doi:10.3390/v12111329

Cited by 15 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Surveys of wild shingleback populations (not those submitted to a care facility) have not been undertaken to date. Two novel nidoviruses have recently been described in a collection of veiled chameleons ( Chamaeleo calyptratus ) experiencing respiratory disease associated mortalities ( 23 ). The two genotypically distinct viruses were named veiled chameleon serpentovirus A (VCSV-A) and B (VCSV-B).…”

Section: Hosts and Geographic Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additional lizard species were housed in the same facility, including bearded dragons ( Pogona vitticeps ), common leopard geckos ( Eublepharis macularius ), and ocelot geckos ( Paroedura pictus ). These animals were clinically healthy throughout this period and gave negative results for VCSV by PCR ( 23 ). This could be due to a lack of exposure or resistance to VCSV infection.…”

Section: Hosts and Geographic Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly to P. regius , a respiratory syndrome has been observed since the 1990's that is characterised by excess mucous in the oral cavity, sneezing, serous to mucopurulent discharge from the eyes and nose, lethargy, inappetence, pale mucous membranes, depression, and emaciation ( 21 ). In captive bred chameleons ( C. calyptratus ) infected with VCSV, clinical signs included wheezing, vertical head tilting with gasping, increased mucus in the oral cavity, anorexia, and reduced water intake ( 23 ). To date, experimental infection studies to confirm the role of nidovirus in the development of respiratory disease has not been described in lizards.…”

Section: Clinical Signs Pathology and Tissue Tropismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a single veiled chameleon ( C. calyptratus ) coinfected with VCSV-A and VCSV-B had both respiratory symptoms and histological lung lesions like those identified in snakes. This included an interstitial proliferative and catarrhal pneumonia, rhinitis, and tracheitis ( 23 ). Interestingly, in this collection other VCSV infected veiled chameleons examined had no histologic lesions ( n = 3) or mild non-specific lesions ( n = 3) including focal xanthomatous mural enteritis with coelomic foreign body, severe heterophilic enteritis with mural granulomas, splenic lymphoid hyperplasia, mild lymphocytic portal hepatitis, rare mineralization of the tunica intima of large cardiac vessels, and hepatocellular vacuolization ( 23 ).…”

Section: Clinical Signs Pathology and Tissue Tropismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2016, the first nidovirus in a lizard was reported in this species, both with and without respiratory disease ( 21 ). More recently another novel lizard associated nidovirus was discovered following respiratory disease-associated mortalities in a captive collection of veiled chameleons ( Chamaeleo calyptratus ) ( 23 ). In freshwater turtles, the only reported nidovirus was discovered following a mortality event in the sole extant wild population of the freshwater Bellinger River snapping turtle ( Myuchelys georgesi ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nidoviruses in Reptiles: A Review

et al. 2021

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Since their discovery in 2014, reptile nidoviruses (also known as serpentoviruses) have emerged as significant pathogens worldwide. They are known for causing severe and often fatal respiratory disease in various captive snake species, especially pythons. Related viruses have been detected in other reptiles with and without respiratory disease, including captive and wild populations of lizards, and wild populations of freshwater turtles. There are many opportunities to better understand the viral diversity, species susceptibility, and clinical presentation in different species in this relatively new field of research. In captive snake collections, reptile nidoviruses can spread quickly and be associated with high morbidity and mortality, yet the potential disease risk to wild reptile populations remains largely unknown, despite reptile species declining on a global scale. Experimental studies or investigations of disease outbreaks in wild reptile populations are scarce, leaving the available literature limited mostly to exploring findings of naturally infected animals in captivity. Further studies into the pathogenesis of different reptile nidoviruses in a variety of reptile species is required to explore the complexity of disease and routes of transmission. This review focuses on the biology of these viruses, hosts and geographic distribution, clinical signs and pathology, laboratory diagnosis and management of reptile nidovirus infections to better understand nidovirus infections in reptiles.

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Section: Hosts and Geographic Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hosts and Geographic Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Signs Pathology and Tissue Tropismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Signs Pathology and Tissue Tropismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nidoviruses in Reptiles: A Review

et al. 2021

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Perspectives on lung visualization: Three‐dimensional anatomical modeling of computed and micro‐computed tomographic data in comparative evolutionary morphology and medicine with applications for COVID‐19

Schachner,

Lawson,

Martinez

et al. 2023

The Anatomical Record

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The vertebrate respiratory system is challenging to study. The complex relationship between the lungs and adjacent tissues, the vast structural diversity of the respiratory system both within individuals and between taxa, its mobility (or immobility) and distensibility, and the difficulty of quantifying and visualizing functionally important internal negative spaces have all impeded descriptive, functional, and comparative research. As a result, there is a relative paucity of three‐dimensional anatomical information on this organ system in all vertebrate groups (including humans) relative to other regions of the body. We present some of the challenges associated with evaluating and visualizing the vertebrate respiratory system using computed and micro‐computed tomography and its subsequent digital segmentation. We discuss common mistakes to avoid when imaging deceased and live specimens and various methods for merging manual and threshold‐based segmentation approaches to visualize pulmonary tissues across a broad range of vertebrate taxa, with a particular focus on sauropsids (reptiles and birds). We also address some of the recent work in comparative evolutionary morphology and medicine that have used these techniques to visualize respiratory tissues. Finally, we provide a clinical study on COVID‐19 in humans in which we apply modeling methods to visualize and quantify pulmonary infection in the lungs of human patients.

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Detection of nidoviruses in samples collected from captive snakes in Europe between 2016 and 2021

Leineweber

Marschang

2023

Veterinary Record

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Background: Nidoviruses are increasingly detected in various snake species worldwide, but much remains to be learned about their distribution and the factors influencing their epidemiology. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated the results of routine nidovirus testing, by PCR, of 5210 swab samples from pet snakes from various European countries that were submitted to a commercial veterinary laboratory in Germany between 2016 and 2021. Results: The overall detection rate was 19.96%. However, the detection rate varied significantly depending on the snake species (p < 0.0001), with the highest rate in Indian pythons (Python molurus) (42.24%). Rates also varied depending on the season of sample collection (p < 0.0001), with the highest rate in winter (24.46%), and the country of sample origin (p < 0.0001), with the highest rate in Austria (36.69%). The detection rate also decreased significantly (p = 0.0003) over the 6-year observation period, from 26.43% to 17.64%. Limitation: No information on clinical signs was available for most of the sampled snakes. Conclusion:The present study supplies new information on the distribution of python nidoviruses (subgenus Roypretovirus) in pet snakes in Europe and indicates a dynamic situation with possible changes in prevalence over time.

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Serpentovirus (Nidovirus) and Orthoreovirus Coinfection in Captive Veiled Chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) with Respiratory Disease

Cited by 15 publications

References 40 publications

Nidoviruses in Reptiles: A Review

Nidoviruses in Reptiles: A Review

Perspectives on lung visualization: Three‐dimensional anatomical modeling of computed and micro‐computed tomographic data in comparative evolutionary morphology and medicine with applications for COVID‐19

Detection of nidoviruses in samples collected from captive snakes in Europe between 2016 and 2021

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