Serotyping versus genotyping in infected sheep and goats with small ruminant lentiviruses

Jiménez, Gabriel Eduardo Acevedo; Pérez, Jorge Luis Tórtora; Murillo, Cecilia Rodríguez; Arellano-Reynoso, Beatriz; Álvarez, Hernández

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108931

Cited by 9 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The higher the sensitivity, the lower the specificity, and vice versa ( 97 ). These results showed that higher sensitivity is achieved when both gag- and env gene–derived antigens from more than one genotype are used ( 2 , 155 , 166 ).…”

Section: Diagnostic Testingmentioning

confidence: 94%

The genetic variability of small-ruminant lentiviruses and its impact on tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control programmes

Olech

2023

Journal of Veterinary Research

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Introduction Maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus are two closely related lentiviruses which cause multisystemic, progressive and persistent infection in goats and sheep. Because these viruses frequently cross the species barrier, they are considered to be one genetic group called small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV). They have in vivo tropism mainly for monocytes and macrophages and organ tropism with unknown mechanisms. Typical clinical signs are pneumonia in sheep, arthritis in goats, and mastitis in both species. Infection with SRLV cannot currently be treated or prevented, and control programmes are the only approaches to avoiding its spread. These programmes rely mainly on annual serological testing and elimination of positive animals. However, the high genetic and antigenic variability of SRLV complicate their early and definitive diagnosis. The objective of this review is to summarise the current knowledge of SRLV genetic variation and its implications for tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control and eradication programmes. Material and Methods Subject literature was selected from the PubMed and the Google Scholar databases. Results The high genetic diversity of SRLV affects the performance of diagnostic tools and therefore control programmes. For the early and definitive diagnosis of SRLV infection, a combination of serological and molecular tests is suggested. Testing by PCR can also be considered for sub-yearling animals. There are still significant gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology, immunology and biology of SRLV and their impact on animal production and welfare. Conclusion This information may aid selection of the most effective SRLV spread reduction measures.

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Section: Diagnostic Testingmentioning

confidence: 94%

The genetic variability of small-ruminant lentiviruses and its impact on tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control programmes

Olech

2023

Journal of Veterinary Research

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“…The investigation of genetic heterogeneity in these epitopes among the different SRLV strains could reveal diagnostic drawbacks of the existent serological diagnostic tools and contribute to the development of highly efficient ones [ 56 , 57 ]. Also, serotyping diagnostic tools discriminating the different SRLV genotypes have been developed using subunits of the viral capsid protein [ 58 , 59 ]. These tests could be used for the implementation of epidemiological studies in countries where the genetic characterization of the circulating SRLV strains has not been performed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses Isolated from Dairy Sheep in Greece

Kalogianni,

Bouzalas,

Marka

et al. 2024

Viruses

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The high genetic heterogeneity of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) renders the genetic characterization of the circulating strains crucial for the epidemiological investigation and the designation of effective diagnostic tools. In Greece, research data regarding the genetic diversity of the circulating SRLV strains is scarce, hindering the implementation of efficient surveillance and control programs. The objective of the study was to genetically characterize SRLV strains isolated from intensive dairy sheep farms in Greece and evaluate the variability of the immunodominant regions of the capsid protein. For this reason, a total of 12 SRLV-infected animals from four intensive dairy sheep farms with purebred Chios and Lacaune ewes were used for the amplification and sequencing of an 800 bp gag-pol fragment. The phylogenetic analyses revealed a breed-related circulation of strains; Chios ewes were infected with strains belonging exclusively to a separate group of genotype A, whereas strains belonging to subtype B2 were isolated from Lacaune ewes. Immunodominant epitopes of capsid protein were quite conserved among the strains of the same genotype, except for the Major Homology Region which showed some unique mutations with potential effects on viral evolution. The present study contributes to the extension of the current knowledge regarding the genetic diversity of SRLV strains circulating in sheep in Greece. However, broader genetic characterization studies are warranted for the exploration of possible recombinant events and the more comprehensive classification of the circulating strains.

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“…The usage of an ELISA and PCR combination allows for a precise diagnosis, which is especially important during the low seroconversion period. SRLVs show high genetic variability, which makes PCR a less reliable method [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The diagnosis of SRLV is often hampered by the fact that it is impossible to amplify all samples with PCR, even though all samples were taken from seropositive animals. This may be due to the low recovery of template DNA since SRLV infects monocytes that do not all contain genetic material [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Identification of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus from Animals in the Republic of Mordovia

Kolbasova¹,

Sevskikh²,

Titov³

et al. 2023

Animals

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This article presents the results of virological and genetic studies of an isolate of caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) virus from the republic of Mordovia, Russian Federation. The isolate was found during monitoring studies of goat blood samples for the viral genome, and the presence of antibodies to lentiviruses was detected. According to the recommendation of the OIE, the positive result of PCR was confirmed with nucleotide sequencing. It was found that the obtained nucleotide sequence is identical to the genome of small ruminant lentiviruses presented in the GenBank database. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolate “Mordovia-2018” was included in the same cluster with an isolate from the Tver region of the Russian Federation detected in 2008. The sequence of the fragment of the env-gene of the isolate from the republic of Mordovia is available in GenBank under the number MN186380.1. To isolate the virus, a fraction of peripheral blood monocyte cells from the animal’s blood was added to a monolayer of lamb synovial membrane cell culture, and ten passages were carried out. The first manifestations of the cytopathic effect were observed after the third passage on the eighth day of cultivation in the form of single large cells of irregular shape with 5–7 nuclei. At the seventh passage, multiple syncytium with 7–12 nuclei were observed. At subsequent passage levels, the formation of syncytium containing more than 10–14 nuclei was observed.

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Serotyping versus genotyping in infected sheep and goats with small ruminant lentiviruses

Cited by 9 publications

References 27 publications

The genetic variability of small-ruminant lentiviruses and its impact on tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control programmes

The genetic variability of small-ruminant lentiviruses and its impact on tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control programmes

Genetic Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses Isolated from Dairy Sheep in Greece

Isolation and Identification of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus from Animals in the Republic of Mordovia

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